Volume 1 Number 13 “|. .Think of this, too: while you are hanging back, they never hesitate; while you stay at home, they are always abroad; for they think that the farther they go the more they will get, while you think that any movement may endanger what you have already. If they win a victory, they follow it up at once, and if they suffer a defeat, they scarcely fall back at all. As for their bodies, they regard them as expendable for their city’s sake, as though ‘they were not their own; but each man cultivates his own intelligence, again with a view to doing something notable for his city. If they atm at something and do not get it, they think that they have been deprived of what belonged to them already; whereas, if their enterprise is successful, they regard that success as nothing compared to what they will do next. Suppose they fail in some undertaking; they make good the loss immediately by setting their hopes in some other direction. Of them alone it may be said that they possess a thing almost as soon as they have begun to desire it, so quickly with them does action follow upon decision. And so they go on working in hardship and danger all the days of their lives, seldom enjoying their possessions because they are always adding to them. Their view of a holiday is to do what needs doing; they prefer hardship and activity to peace and quiet. In a word, they are by nature incapable of either living a quiet life them- selves or of allowing anyone else to do so.” — from the Corinthian speech in the debate at Sparta, Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, Book 1, Chapter 6 (c. 415 B.C.) By persistence on the part of certain individuals, no matter their weariness and interest, the following interview with Neil Berecry has been completed at last. By no means could any introduction describe the person nor the work he accomplishes; in fact, the intentions of the interview were to provide whatever possible clarity about just these aspects. The question arises, why an interview with this person out of the contemporary surroundings? It was a belief on the part of the interviewers that perhaps what we potentially had was a medium through which several pertinent questions could be examined. The most notable shortcoming of what follows is that there was not a full enough opportunity to mention and connect other information and ideas. A main theme underlying much that is alluded to concerns the paradoxes of pro- gress, a subject we hope will receive further attention. All this might at first sound pretentious. For one thing, why bother to delve into such questions and with such an individual? To this there are at least two answers. First, the interviewers would be deeply delighted if many others would undertake any — sort of comparable study of contemporary art and artists. Such an inquiry if serious would surely be a step forward in interrelation, not backward. Secondly, 20th century living imposes this responsi- bility upon us: it is simply a fact that modern conditions, whether we like it or not, oblige us to achieve some apprehension of each other’s assumptions. Isolationism is gone. We cannot claim that the present interview satisfies these demands, and we hope that where we have fallen short others will do better. Yet we have few qualms about the validity of what has been attempted. We hope that any such discussion will continue to occur in ‘X’ newsletter. — Gordon Moore, Harry McIntyre GORDON MOORE: Could you tell us what you are doing now, either at the Vancouver Art Gallery or in your own work? NEIL BERECRY: I think there are a lot of similarities in what I’m doing with the art gallery and my own work. But I'll leave the discussion of my own work until later and just for now talk about what I am doing at the gal- lery (VAG). Do you want any details about the extension program? Okay, very briefly the extension program at the VAG takes “art,” most of it from the permanent collec- tion of the gallery, some of it borrowed from artists, to put together an exhibition — sometimes around a theme, sometimes around an issue in contemporary art. The exhibition is taken into the province to different towns and presented to schools and community groups. It’s not just dumped and left to the mercy of local insight or prejudice. We, who work in extension, have an important function in “animating,” bringing it to life, elucidating as honestly and extensively as posible the artist’s concerns — making it accessible. And this is one of the things that I am particularly interested in, that accessibility. I would think that a gallery has a responsibility to the community to demystify the art process, and their relation to artists, to make what they have accessible. HARRY McINTYRE: That which mystifies also de- mystifies the art process? That is a most peculiar notion. What is it that the VAG has, what is it showing to people out of town? BERECRY: It is to a large extent a museum, an art museum, where work refers to the past. There are many ' definitions of a museum. Museums can be either totally concerned with the preservation and explanation of cultural artifacts and debris or with the collection of cultural commodities from the immediate past, i.e. the “new” directions of contemporary art, or a combination of both or a mix which includes being an informational resource like a library, a catalyst and focus for contem- porary art in the locality, a co-ordination point for significant international touring exhibitions, a forum for exploration of new forms and approaches, a verifier of authenticity and excellence, a place for people to build careers, a cog in the machinery which maintains dominant ideologies, a place which maintains a necessary link with arts past, a place where ‘‘art’’ can be made and where Emily Carr College of Art the 2 March 20, 1979 artists can work, etc. etc., or any combination of the above in varying degrees of proficiency. They deal with artifacts and related ideas. McINTYRE: It tends to be a provincial attitude cen- trally, really, all of a sudden in the outlying areas, the Vancouver Art Gallery gives a propagandized version of what art supposedly constitutes — the credibility thrives on landscape scenes with nice snowflakes falling down. So the gallery does a lot of saving the appearances while making ‘‘great’”’ cultural notices? BERECRY: I will say a bit about that. That is one of the criticisms of the program and it is a criticism that comes from people in Vancouver as well as from outlying centres. They are sometimes suspicious of anything that comes from the city, particularly Vancouver. They don’t want to have people coming to their community saying this is what contemporary art is. It is seen that the statement is made simply by coming into a town and saying “We are from Vancouver Art Gallery.’’ You are implying that ‘what you have brought is significant and that it is art. We caii’t avoid this presumption, probably accurate, and it is something we must work around if we are to honestly represent (if possible) the artist’s concerns. An art gallery or art museum to many people denotes prestige, accepta- bility, a stamp of approval, a definition of excellence, credibility — and that is why we as animateurs travel with the work. We could simply send the work alone and that would be limited, but we go with it as the idea is to bridge the gap, to deal with the psychological objection to the work and try to bring out the artist’s main concerns. McINTYRE: In some ways I can see where this would only further obscure and mystify. Surely as well, Neil, if it is coming from the VAG bank it is probably not that contemporary, I mean in attitudes towards art. BERECRY: Okay. Our job is to extend the gallery function. And the Gallery is in part a museum, so to some extent we’re extending a museum function. And we're taking work which has gone through all the changes that an object goes through once it’s put into a museum, into an institutional context, a context which clearly, I think, reflects a certain position in the social hierarchy. It identifies with a certain socio-political stance. Okay, you can deal with that. You can take the work out and talk about those issues to the people viewing. You can say, look, we’ve brought out work that isn’t con- temporary and is affected by its museum associations. I think you can take out any work at all and deal with the contemporary issues, even if it’s a historical work. At the same time as dealing with techniques and the art historical conditions of an artifact’s having been made, one can also examine and discuss the differences and similarities between the exhibited work and contemporary artists, processes and concerns. And by an inductive method relate both to a viewer’s own experiences — which of course overcomes some initial hostility if it exists. You see, this work we do is essentially a subversive activity: the animateur is an agent of change. In some ways a touring exhibition is like a travelling medicine show. A trick, something for everyone, and being able to let people enjoy being tricked out of their old preoccu- pations with craft, skill and product while extending to them the ideas surrounding artistic excellence, and the enjoyment and excitement of new, previously unavail- able, contemplative and philosophical experiences. We do incidentally also take out quite contemporary ‘‘things.”’ The other thing that happens to an institutional artifact has to do with the passage of time — the fact that the art never remains constant. It’s always in a state of decay once it leaves the artist. I feel quite differently about the work I did last week than that which I’m work- ing on now. In a museum we’re dealing with something the artist has put behind or put aside, put out of their lives, that’s how I feel about my things once I’ve stopped working on them. ‘MOORE: So we’re still left with the political and com- plex thing which occurs through the art gallery standing behind artists in a historical sense, puffing up their im- portance and obscuring a better understanding. At this time anyway we are left knowing often that participating in what the gallery presents, how these works are pre- sented, may mean participating in mistaken collective representatives. BERECRY: That’s very difficult, and yes it’s true. How an art gallery goes about purchasing, putting an artist’s work in the permanent collection, or giving an exhibition to a particular person is a difficult issue that causes much resentment and misunderstanding but is a reality we have to face and deal with because, if we are lucky, we’re going to continue to have art galleries and museums. [ think a lot of young artists are caught in between wanting to totally ignore the galleries, the insti- tutions, the arbiters of taste, and at the same time wanting or needing the sort of recognition that only these institu- tions can give them in terms of furthering their careers, getting grants, or being able to support themselves. So a lot of them get caught up halfway in between. Some of them will opt for producing acceptable works, doing it Published by Student Services Emily Carr College of Art 249 Dunsmuir Street Vancouver V6B 1X2 very well perhaps; some of them will opt to go toa parallel or alternative systems, which in many ways is just a mirror of the gallery institution. Those parallel galleries can be- come quite bureaucratized and institutionalized them- selves. This is an example of institutionalizing the problem in the alternative. As soon as you incorporate the problem into your solution, then you haven’t really made much progress. MOORE: What is there in the extension program that you relish or find a correspondence with in your own work? BERECRY: I like to travel, there are themes in my work (both sorts) of movement, chance, change, specific place and exchange and connection. I also have eclectic tastes which corresponds to a pluralistic approach to the produc- tion of things. In the extension department we have to adapt to an extraordinary range of styles and ideas and present the works as fully as possible. For example, we exhibit a large number of paintings. I support anyone who wants to make paintings although I can’t imagine why they do, and I think sometimes they’re wasting their time, but I’m very glad they have the opportunity at least to work that through, maybe reject it or develop it. I have had to learn a great deal about painting in the last few months. Okay, so we take the work out, whatever it is, “The development of human consciousness was thus pre- sented as a history of (ideas) beginning from zero and applied always to the same phenomena, at first in the erroneous beliefs about them and, as time went on, in the form of more.and more correct and scientific beliefs. No doubt the history of consciousness does include the story of any number of erroneous beliefs, but the erroneous beliefs of human beings about phenomena are neither the most interesting nor the most important thing about the human beings or about the phenomena.”’ — Owen Barfield, Saving the Appearances, a study in idol- atry, Chapter X (1965) and help people relate to it, make it accessible and parti- cularly draw out of it everything that is in there. It’s like anything that’s new: some people tend to reject‘it to begin with. Some of the nicest things I know are acquired tastes, things that I’ve learnt to like over a period of time. Some of the newer forms of art are like that to other people. You get a chance to talk to a lot of people, and ‘it’s surprising just how many active artists there are out there in B.C., working away and desperately in need of contact with somebody from a wider arts community and experience than theirs. They look forward to you coming from one year to the next, and they’ll remember the con- versation you had the last time you talked to them. Now they’ll say, when you were here last time you said these things about my painting; I worked on that, now what do you think. McINTYRE: These are people who conceive they’re in- volved in the arts? BERECRY: Well, I think there’s a lot to be gained from input from other people. I wouldn’t be doing this job unless I thought contact/communication between people wasn’t important. I wouldn’t be trying to make manifest the various ideas that I have if I didn’t believe in some sort of communication, or that others were going to get some- thing from the experience of it — regardless of whether or not there is always a communication shortfall. The other thing which is exciting is that you some- times find a responsiveness in people when it is least expected. A by-product of the job is a building of the possibility that more people in that community will con- . sider ‘art as a legitimate activity and not just something that only the people whd can’t play floor hockey will do. Actually one of the ECCA first year students down at the art gallery today said they were influenced in part by our program in their coming to the art school. There’s another thing I like, exposing the options. Sometimes there will be classes of kids in a school, they’re the what-do-you-call-them, the problem kids. Nobody wants them. They’re English-is-a-second-language- kids, the. special education kids, the misfit bin classes. Teachers will warn you about them: you’ll-have-all-sorts- of-trouble-with. .. , and these kids will come in and love it PROBLEMS WITH FIRST YEaR TEACHERS are toogod damn prejudice!!! FOR instance, when the students put their work on the walls, for the teachers to comment,,, the teachers should FIRST, comment on the art work, THENS!!3$ ask "Who dunnit???7355" An artist gets a great feeling of disinterest from the apathetic foundation students, Alot of students,well more like ROBOTS, talk but no action, It's TOO TOO TOO BAD most of the students are so fucked up!!! ,.. These people aren't ARTISTS! $333 ATTENTIONS P28: ft:tg 0189.8 There is nothing wrong with the work done in the washrooms on the 5th floor, ..,1t's just paint for CHRISTSAKE, FROM A VERY FORTUNATE ARTIST because they don’t have to use the tools that they’re sup- posed to have learned and haven’t throughout their educa- tion. To have access to literature, for example, they will need all the reading and word skills that they haven’t learned, and so they avoid books. With visual art they _ — continued on page 2 Volume 1. Number 13 '.. cThink of this, to0: while you are hanging back, they never hesitate; while you stay at home, they are always ‘abroad; for they think that the farther they go the more they will get, while you think that any movement may endanger what you have already. If they win a victory, they follow it up at once, and if they suffer a defea they scarcely fall back at all. As for their bodies, they regard them as expendable for ther city's sake, as though they were not their own; but each man cultfates his own intelligence, again with a view to doing something notable for his city. If they aim at something and do not get it, they think that they have been deprived of what belonged to them already; whereas, if their enterprice is successful, they regard that success as nothing compared to what they will do next. Suppose they fail in some undertaki they make good the loss immediately by setting the ‘hopes in some other direction. Of them alone it may be said that they possess a thing almost as soon as they have Begun to desire it, s0 quickly with them does action follow upon decision. And s0 they go on working in hardship and danger all the days of their lives, seldom enjoying thelr possessions because they are always adding to them. Their view of a holiday is to do what needs doing; they prefer ‘hardship and activity to peace and quiet. In « word, they are by nature incapable of either living a quiet life them- selves or of allowing anyone else to do s = from the Corinthian speech in the debate at Sparta, Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, Book 1, Chapter 6 (©. 415 B.C.) By persistence on the part of certain indduals, no mater ther earnest and interes, the folowing interview wth Nell Breer Is been completed et iat. By no means could any inoduction deserbe the person or the wark he ascomplses tn Tat the intention ofthe intentew wre to provide whatever potsble sia, eth pc, The gue rt, an interiew with tis person of the Contemporary surroundings? Twas a Belles on the art of the intervtewers that perhaps what ‘we potential had wets medlum through which severe pertinent {Guestions could be examined. The ott notable shortcoming of Sthatfolowa ts that thre was not al enough opportunty to ‘mention and connect other Information and idea 4 main theme Uinderying much that i aluded to concerns the paradoxes 0f ro: irs mbt nc hope il eee ri ateon “A es might et fst sound pretentious: For One thing, why ‘omer to delve Ito such questions and with such an india? 10" this there area lear! two antwer. lat theiterewers would be decay delighted If many others would undertake on) {ort of comparable study of contemporary atfand ats Such an i ers wl rey be op forma in ern, tor backward, Secondly, 200 century thing poses tis eapons Diy upon us: is simpy a fact tat mader conditions, whether we like tor not, oblige sto schteve some apprehension ofeach Set snmp: linn tro, anon Slm hat the present interview setifies these demands, nde hope thet ‘there we hae falen short others wil do be ve {uains about the ily of what has been stomped. We hope that any such dscusion vil continue to Occur n'X° eset. “Gordon Moore, Harry Metniyre GORDON MOORE: Could you tell us what you are doing now, thera the Vancouver Art Gallery on your NEIL BERECRY: 1 think there area lot of similares in what I'm doing with the art gallery and my own work, But Tl leave the discussion of my own work unt later and just for now talk about what Cam doing atthe ga lery (VAG). Do you want any details bout the extension program? Okay, very briefly the extension program a the VAG takes “art,” moat of It from the permanent colle: tion of the gallery, some of borrowed! from artists, to Pu together an cihion = sometimes around theme, Sometimes around an issue in contemporary art. The tahibtion is taken into the province to diferent towns nd presented to schools and community groups, 1 ot just dumped and left tothe merey of lotal insight oF Prejudice. ‘We, who work in extension, have an important Function in “animating,” bringing i to hfe, elucidating as honestly and extensively as posible th artists concerns making I accesible. And thi is one ofthe things that Tam particulary interested in, that sccesbily. tvould think that a gallery has a responsibility to the community to demystify the at proces, and their relation to artist, to make what they have accesible. HARRY McINTYRE: ‘That which mysities also de- mmysifies the art process? That isa most peculiar notion, Wt hat the VAG ha, what it showing to peopl BERECRY: It is to a lage extent 4 museum, an art ‘museum, where work refers to the past, ‘There are many definitions of a museum, Muscums can be either totaly concerned with the preservation and. explanation of Cultural artifacts and ‘debris or with the collection of Cultural commodities trom the immediate past Le. the “new” divetons af contemporary at, or2 combination of both or a mix which includes being an informational fesouree like a Hbrary a catalyst and focus for contem- Porary art in the locality, a cowrdination point for Significant international touring exhibitions, a forum for taploration of new forms and approaches, a verifier of futhenicity and excellence, place for people to build Careers, cogin the machinery which maintain dominant ideologies, a place which maintains a necessary link with ants past, «place where "art? can be made and where Emily Carr College of Art the x March 20, 1979 AEP artists can work, ete. ete., or any combination of the above in varying degrees of proficiency. They deal artifacts and related ideas. MeINTYRE: It tends to be a provincial attitude cen- ‘rally, really, all of a sudden in the outlying areas, the Vancouver Art Gallery gives a propagandized version of ‘what art supposedly constitutes ~ the credibility thrives fon landscape scenes with nice snowflakes falling down. So the gallery docs a lot of saving the appearances while ‘making “great” cultural notices? BERECRY: 1 will say a bit about that. That is one of the criticisms of the program and it isa criticism that comes from people in Vancouver as well as from outlying centres. ‘They are sometimes suspicious of anything that comes from the city, particularly Vancouver. They don't want to have people coming to their community saying this is What contemporary art is. It is seen that the statement is made simply by coming into a town and saying ‘“We are from Vancouver Art Gallery.” You are implying that ‘what you have brought is significant and that it is art. We can't avoid this presumption, probably accurate, and it is something we must work around if we are to honestly represent (if possible) the artist's concerns. An art gallery or art museum to many people denotes prestige, accepta- bility, a stamp of approval, a definition of excellence, credibility ~ and that is why we as animateurs travel with the work, We could simply send the work alone and that would be limited, but we go with it as the idea is to ge the gap, to deal with the psychological objection to the work and try to bring out the artist’s main concerns. McINTYRE: In some ways I can see where this would only further obscure and mystify. Surely as well, Nel, if itis coming from the VAG bank it is probably not that contemporary, I mean in attitudes towards at. BERECRY: Okay. Our job is to extend the gallery funetion. And the Gallery is in part a museum, so to some extent we're extending a museum function, And ‘we're taking work which has gone through all the changes that an object goes through once it’s put into a museum, {into an institutional context, a context which clearly, 1 think, reflects a certain position in the social hierarchy. It identifies with a certain socio-political stance. Okay, you can deal with that, You can take the work out and talk about those issues to the people viewing. You can say, look, we've brought out work that isn't con- temporary and is affected by its museum associations. 1 think you can take out any work at all and deal with the contemporary issues, even if it's ahistorical work. At the same time as dealing with techniques and the art historical conditions of an artifact's having been made, fone can also examine and discuss the differences and similarities between the exhibited work and contemporary artists, processes and concerns. And by an inductive ‘method relate both to a viewer's own experiences — which fof courte overcomes some initial hostility if it exists. ateur is an agent of change. In some Ways & touring exhibition is like a tavelling medicine show. A trick, something for everyone, and being able to let people enjoy being tricked out of their old preoecu- ppations with craft, skill and product while extending to them the ideas surrounding artistic excellence, and the ‘enjoyment and excitement of new, previously. unavail: able, contemplative and philosophical experiences. We do incidentally also take out quite contemporary “thing ‘The other thing that happens to an institutional artifact has to do with the passage of time — the fact that the art never remains constant, It’s always in a state of decay once it leaves the artist. I feel quite differently bout the work I did last week than that which I'm work ing on now. Tn a museum we're dealing with something the artist has put behind or put aside, put out of their lives, that’s how I feel about my things once I've stopped. ‘working on them, MOORE: So we're still left with the political and com- plex thing which occurs through the art gallery standing behind artists in a historical sense, puffing up their im- portance and obscuring a better understanding. At this time anyway we are left knowing often that participating in what the gallery presents, how these works are pre- sented, may mean participating in mistaken collective representatives, BERECRY: That's very difficult, and yes it's true. How an art gallery goes about purchasing, putt artist's work in the permanent collection, or giving an ‘exhibition to a particular person is a difficult issue that ‘causes much resentment and misunderstanding but is a reality we have to face and deal with because, if we are Iucky, we're going to continue to have art galleries and ‘museums. T think a lot of young artists are caught in between wanting to totally ignore the galleries, the insti tutions, the arbiters of taste, and at the same time wanting needing the sort of recognition that only these institu- tions can give them in terms of furthering their careers, {getting grants, or being able to support themselves. So a Tot of them get caught up halfway in between. Some of them will opt for producing acceptable works, dé Published by Student Services Emily Care College of Art 249 Dunamir Steet Vancouver V6B. 1X2 very well pethap: opt to go toaparallel ‘or alternative systems, which in many ways is just a mirror of the gallery institution. Those parallel galleries can be- come quite bureaucratized and institutionalized them- selves. This is an example of institutionalizing the problem the alternative. As soon as you incorporate the problem into your solution, then you haven't really made much progress. MOORE: What is there in the extension program that ‘you relish or find a correspondence with in your own work? BERECRY: I like to travel, there are themes in my work (both sorts) of movement, chance, change, specifie place and exchange and connection. I also have celectic tastes ‘which corresponds to a pluralistic approach to the produc. tion of things. In the extension department we have to adapt to an extraordinary range of styles and ideas and present the works as fully as possible. For example "imagine why they do, and I’ think sometimes they're wasting their time, but I'm very glad they have the opportunity atleast to work that through, maybe reject itor develop it.I have had to learn a great deal about painting in the last few months. Okay, 50 we take the work out, whatever i i, “The development of human consciousness was thus pre sented as a history of (ideas) beginning from zero and ‘applied always to the same phenomena, at first in the erroncous beliefs about them and, as time went on, in the form of more.énd more correct and scientific beliefs. No doubt the history of conseioumess does include the story of any number of erroneous beliefs, but the erroneous beliefs of human beings about phenomena are neither the ‘most interesting nor the most important thing about the human beings or about the phenomena." ~ Owen Barfield, Saving the Appearances, a study in idol- ‘try, Chapter X (1965) land help people relate to it, make it accessible and part ularly draw out of it everything that is in there. It's like anything that’s new: some people tend to reject'it to begin with, Some of the nicest things I know are acquired tastes, things that I've learnt to like over a period of time. Some of the newer forms of art are like that to other people. You get a chance to talk t0 a lot of people, and {es surprising just how many active artists there are out there in B.C., working away and desperately in need of ‘contact with somebody from a wider arts community and experience than theirs. They look forward to you coming from one year to the next, and they'll remember the con- versation you had the last time you talked to them. Now they'll say, when you were here last time you said these things about my painting; I worked on that, now what do ‘you think. McINTYRE: These are people who conceive they're in- volved in the arts? BERECRY: Wel, I think there's a lot to be gained from input from other people. I wouldn't be doing this job unless I thought contact/communication between people wasn’t important, I wouldn’t be trying to make manifest the various ideas that I have ifI didn't believe in some sort ‘of communication, or that others were going to get some- thing from the experience of it — regardless of whether or not there is always a communication shortfall, ‘The other thing which is exciting is that you some- times find a responsiveness in people when it is least oduct of the job is a building of the possibility that more people in that community will con Sider art as a legitimate activity and not just something that only the people wh can’t play floor hockey will d. ‘Actually one of the ECGA first year students down at the art gallery today said they were influenced in part by our program in their coming to the art school. There's another thing I like, exposing the options. Sometimes there will be classes of kids in a school, they're the what-do-you-allthem, the problem kid Nobody wants them. They're Englishis-a-second-language- Kids, the special education kids, the misfit bin classes. ‘Teachers will warn you about them: you'l-haveall-sorts- ‘of-trouble-with,.. and these kids will come in and love PRGELESS WINE FIRST TEAR ‘BACIERS are toogot daze prague ‘RR Snotance, wiwn the etuseats fut thats vork on the walls, for the taachere to comert.., the teashers shoul JIE, coment x he art work, ZEBHHIHE die "ho dunia 77 sn artiot guts a great feeling of disinterest fron the apathetic {founiatien students, Alot of sbuienta,vell nore Like ROBOTS, talk fut no action, 1t¥»"700 100 700 BLD alot ot the etutente are 22 “ee Those people aren't ARTIST! ‘There Se nothing wrong with the werk deve in the washrooms on the 5th floor, .,,Jts gust paint for CHRISTA, ROL A VRE FORTUIATE ARTIST because they don't have to use the tools that they're sup- posed to have learned and haven't throughout their educs tion, To have access to literature, for example, they wi need all the reading and word skills that they haven’t Tearned, and s0 they avoid books. With visual at they ~ continued on pe