Exploring the evolving near-future of networked objects
MDes thesis by Aamir Rangwalla
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Networked Entities and Critical Design
Exploring the evolving near-future of networked objects.

Aamir Rangwalla
French Diploma (Visual Communication & Digital Design), École Intuit.Lab, 2017.

A CRITICAL AND PROCESS DOCUMENTATION THESIS PAPER SUBMITTED IN
PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF
MASTER OF DESIGN
EMILY CARR UNIVERSITY OF ART + DESIGN
2023

© Aamir Salim Rangwalla, 2023

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Abstract
Rapid technological advancements, tending toward an interconnected world automatized by
communication between all networked objects, are gradually becoming the standard. This
results in evolving human behaviours — technological artefacts emerge and the behaviour
of technology towards humans shift. As these technologies become more prevalent in our
surroundings, examining the ontological1 relationship between humans and user-centred
networked technologies helps explore and understand the evolving concepts of agency and
autonomy. With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), humans and smart, quantified, and
generative technologies are becoming increasingly linked, co-evolving an interdependence
of daily routines, behaviours, and sense of self.
To offer a comprehensive view of our engagement with technology and to delve into the
impact on daily human lives, a multidisciplinary approach, including Research Through
Design, Critical design/making, Speculative Fictions, provocations, curatorial practices,
observational writings, and performances were employed.
A near-future video prototype employing design fiction (Bleecker, 2009), speculative
approaches, and dramaturgy (Goffman, 1959) provides an engaging exploration of potential
implications — also, consequences of increased connectivity and automation in our lives.
The concept of “networked entities” is proposed as a valuable addition to the design
methodology, situating the outcome in a plausible (Dunne and Raby, 2013) near-future.

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Ontology i.e. a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature of existence, including the relationships between entities and
categories, and the nature of reality. I explore the nature of being, becoming, existence, and reality as artefacts become networked,
dealing with questions such as “What is there?” and “What is it like?”

Networked entities that are conceived from the analysis of current behavioural patterns of a
user are speculated to exhibit a heightened sense of agency and autonomy; this transforms
passive objects in our lives into “active participants” (Bleecker, 2006). These objects adapt
to our needs and preferences, making decisions on our behalf. This shift in the roles and
capabilities cultivates discourse between relationships and expectations with technology
and responsibilities with use.
New perspectives on how to approach and understand the ontological relationship of
humans and networked entities are explored to contribute to the broader conversation of the
impact of this ever-present connection. Potential implications of increased connectivity and
automation provides valuable insights for designers, policymakers, and users of technology
as we move towards an increasingly interconnected world.
Keywords: Critical Design, Speculative design, Design Fiction, Near Futures,
Internet of Things (IoT), Networked Entities

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Acknowledgments
First and foremost, a huge shoutout goes to my thesis supervisor,
Christopher Hethrington, for keeping my wandering mind on
track while providing invaluable guidance, encouragement, and
expertise throughout this process. Your mentorship has been
instrumental in my growth as a designer and researcher during
this academic journey.
A huge thank you to Peter Bussigel, who stepped in as my internal
reviewer and introduced me to some fascinating and incredibly
value adding concepts, even in our limited conversations.
A massive thank you to Julian Bleecker. It was an honour to have
you as my external examiner and learn more about “Design
Fiction” as an approach that shaped my research embracing
lenses of potential futures.
To my amazing birth givers, Salim and Tasneem Rangwalla,
without whom none of this would be possible. Your endless love,
belief, and support mean the world to me, and words cannot
express my gratitude.
To my love and partner, Aishwarya Nigam, for your patience
throughout this journey, even though we’re continents apart. I
am eagerly waiting for us to be together soon.
Kudos to Brandon Quall, Shadab Zaveri and Giulia Borba
for diligently working through multiple drafts and helping
me transform my thoughts and ideas into words with their
meticulous editing support.
To Pirai Varman and Sahil Mroke for lending a hand with
shooting and editing the final video prototype.

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A massive thanks to Giulia Borba, Leea Contractor, and Sahil
Mroke. Your mental and emotional support throughout this
academic journey, as well as your tolerance for my hilarious
jokes, has been awesome, and I’m grateful for your presence.
I’m also grateful to my fellow classmates and design colleagues,
whose collaboration, camaraderie, and constructive critiques
have enriched my journey and made this experience both
enjoyable and rewarding.
A special thank you to Cameron Neat, Garnet Hertz, Katherine
Gillieson, Keith Doyle, Louise St. Pierre, Manuhuia Barcham
and all the other instructors who offered feedback and advice
on my project. I’m also grateful to Emily Carr University of Art
+ Design for providing the resources and support needed
to bring this project to life. You’ve all played a crucial role in
getting me to this point.
An important mention goes to ChatGPT, QuillBot, and all the
digital tools that have assisted me in shaping this thesis into
what it is today.
To my family, friends (Annushka, Avneesh, Shadab, Varun), and
everyone not mentioned here (you know who you are), I’m deeply
grateful for your unwavering support, love, and encouragement
throughout this challenging but fulfilling endeavor.
And finally, to Yash Choksi (1995-2017). I know you’re out there,
watching what I’m up to. I wish you were here to see where the
world is heading. This one’s for you, bro.

Land Acknowledgment
I would like to acknowledge that this research was conducted on the unceded traditional
territories of the Coast Salish people, including the xwməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam),
Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (Squamish), and səlilwətaɬ (Tsleil-Waututh) Nations. We express our
gratitude for the opportunity to live, work, and learn on these lands, and we recognize the
responsibility we have to honor, respect, and protect the rich cultural heritage and the
Indigenous knowledge that has been passed down through generations.

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Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Intention
Research Approach
Secondary Research
Primary Research: Exploring Networked Entities
Anthropomorphizing Technologies
Let There Be Light
Careless Whispers
The Walls Have Ears
Hives Around Us
Smart-Mug Exploration
The Tech-Detox
Speculative Storytelling as an Exquisite Corpse
Thesis Project: Exploring a Near-Future Scenario
The Process
Networked Participants
Future-Casting
Implications and Possibilities of Living and Collaborating with Networked Entities
Conclusion
References
Appendices
A. Written Exquisite Corpses 2 & 3
B. Autobiography of an Evolved Jar
C. Tactile Sounds - A clay exploration
D. NECTAR
E. Complete Day’s Analysis of Interactions

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List of Figures

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Figure 1. Situating Networked Entities within the realm of Blogjects and Spimes

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Figure 2. Key differences between Networked Entities and commercial/industrial

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Figure 3. Observations of the ways in which poeple anthropomorphize everyday technologies

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Figure 4. Smart-Lights used to navigate through various tasks through the day

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Figure 5. Daily Average Knowings of Digital Devices

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Figure 6. My Personal Curated Tech Ecosystem

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Figure 7. Snippets from the Smart-Mug video prototype

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Figure 8. Post-it’s used as screens for the Smart-Mug exploration

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Figure 9. Preparing for the Tech-Detox

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Figure 10. Journal entries and highlighted observations from The Tech-Detox

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Figure 11. Speculative Micro-fiction 1

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Figure 12. Syntactical Textual Analysis

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Figure 13. Distilling data from the researcher’s ecosystem analysis

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Figure 14. Examples of Networked Participants

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Figure 15. Examples of Networked Participants

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Figure 16. Examples of Networked Participants

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Figure 17. Planning scenarios with with networked entities

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Figure 18. Snippets from WIP Scene One of the Video Prototype

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Figure 19. Speculative Micro-fiction 2

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Figure 20. Speculative Micro-fiction 3

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Figure 21. Exquisite corpse drawn by 6 classmates

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Figure 22. Real visualisation of drawn jar

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Figure 23. Structures moulded out of clay representing collected sounds

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Figure 24. Analysis of interactions with things present in the researcher’s personal space

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Introduction
In contemporary times, we are situated at the intersection of rapid technological
advancements — I am part of the generation that grew up alongside the internet. As a 90’s
kid, I have first-hand experience with dial-up internet tunes, bags of cassette tapes for road
trips, and multiple iterations of the GameBoy. This generation is well-versed in aspects
of modern advancements; this allows us to be first hand observers of “new” gadgets —
smartphones, smart homes, and even deeper smart integrations of smart synchronisation.
I am a user of these versatile technological devices; they are an integral component of
my carefully curated ecosystem and have been designed to assist me in multiple ways.
This “partnership” I share with these devices pushed me to investigate the existence of
this invisible ecosystem and research the relationship we share with these technological
artefacts. Through self-reflection of my interaction with these platforms, I discovered a
marked extensiveness to the symbiotic ecosystem and uncovered the extent of my active
participation. By being cognizant of the technologies present in my personal environment, I
adopted a multidisciplinary perspective: a facilitator, user, and designer within this ecosystem,
observing sound, light, and vibrations — how technologies tend to communicate with us.
The research is situated within the fields of technology, critical design, speculative design, and
design fiction — in particular, Bleecker (2006) and Sterling’s (2005) theories on characteristics
of objects connected to the internet. Drawn from my own observations, it explores the human
tendency to anthropomorphize technologies. It investigates our dependencies on current

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networked things and the social interactions taking place within a metaphysical2 space
through the network. The concept of the cyborg serves as a significant framework for this
research, emphasising the interconnected relationship between the integration of technology
in daily lives. Using this concept as a metaphor for breaking down boundaries between
humans and machines (Haraway, 1985), plausible futures through scenario planning and
foresight are explored. This approach, guided by Dunne & Raby’s (2013) concept of plausible
futures, offers a valuable lens to view modern networked technologies as iterative models of
the future. Through the creation of artefacts and metaphors, the research seeks to examine
how technology shapes our experiences and perspectives and how we, in turn, can shape
technology. While this may appear technologically deterministic, personal ideologies and
perspectives play a significant role in shaping these artefacts, providing a counterpoint to
such opinions.
As designers, there is a belief that we shouldn’t simply accept the dominant narratives
of what the future might look like, but rather use our skills and imagination to envision
plausible futures (Dunne & Raby, 2013). This perspective illustrates the important role of
design in shaping our evolving relationship with networked technologies — it aims to help
designers envision an evolving future by facilitating a dialogue around the iterative nature
of technological advancements. By exploring the evolving nature of our interactions with
technology, I provide insights into how these relationships shape our experiences and
examine concepts of agency and autonomy. As a contribution to the field of critical design,
this project highlights how the concept of “networked entities” can be used to better
understand the dynamics between everyday objects and the affordances of these artefacts
connected to the network, endeavouring a glimpse into one perspective on how we may
shape our future.

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Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing,
substance, cause, identity, time, and space.

Research Intention
The intention of this thesis is to explore the potential impact and evolution of current
technologies3 within the realm of smart objects and the Internet of Things (IoT) that operate
in a user’s personal ecosystem. It is a thought experiment exploring the potential near future
if current technological and mundane objects were fully embraced as autonomous agents,
classified as networked entities. This conceptualization is intended to help elucidate how
these objects can be seen as interactive Beings. The ontology of technologies and personal
experiences are dissected through a series of deliberate activities, engagements, and
interventions. By engaging with the notions presented in this research, you, the reader, are
invited to explore and contemplate the implications of your own experiences. The conclusion
offers a synthesis of the personal explorations of the author through a perspective of an
evolving intimacy between networked technologies and lived experiences.
This thesis argues for a future that is inevitably networked — seeing the future through this
lens provides an evaluation of potential near-future life, coexistence, and collaboration with
networked technologies. The concluding explorations are grounded in the realm of plausible
futures4 (Dunne & Raby, 2013). It acknowledges the iterative nature of progress towards a
future that may not necessarily be perfect. Unlike utopian and dystopian perspectives, which
tend to focus on extreme scenarios and fail to account for the complexity and diversity of
human experiences and social systems, a plausible perspective allows speculation of a
future that is not fixed, but constantly evolving and changing based on actions and choices;

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By “current technologies” I mean smart and quantified technological artefacts that generate, store or process user data and can
potentially adapt or be programmed based on the users behavioural patterns. (Example, smart home systems, appliances, sensors,
personal devices.)

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The Plausible (Dunne & Raby, 2013) begins to ponder further into the space of scenario planning and foresight. It describes alternative
futures and the possibilities of could be’s and what if’s.

it acknowledges the challenges and risks of the future but also sees the potential for positive
change and improvement. Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby illustrate plausible futures as
conceivable and possible, albeit not necessarily definite nor unavoidable.

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Research Approach
This research employs both primary and secondary methods to achieve a nuanced and
comprehensive understanding of the topic. Primary research involves the researcher as the
subject, delving into personal experiences with networked technologies, while secondary
research contextualises and situates these experiences within the broader body of knowledge.
The primary explorations of this research were intuitive prompts, emphasizing subjective
experiences and perceptions in the exploration of human behaviour and interactions with
Networked Entities. In order to encourage an immersive experience for the reader, the paper
employs the use of first person perspective to navigate and present the personal perspective
of the author. These explorations are supported by three dominant primary methods of
investigation — Critical design, Speculative design, and Heuristic research5.
Critical design6 seeks to provide alternative ideas for consideration (Dunne and Raby, 2001).
This approach investigates and dissects current relationships with networked technologies
through curatorial prompts, provocations, and autoethnographic explorations as thought
experiments. These investigations identify networked technologies as “active participants”
(Bleecker, 2006), engaging in a constant social discourse.
Speculative storytelling exercises were utilised to synthesise and disseminate an
understanding of the inquiries made. This branch of critical design explores the potential
implications of present and future technologies and how they may impact society, culture, and

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Clark Moustakas (1990) defines heuristic research as a form of qualitative inquiry that is exploratory and subjective in nature, aimed at
uncovering the personal meaning of human experience. This type of research is well-suited for exploring complex human experiences,
especially in regard to the relationship between technology and the human experience.

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Critical design is a form of design practice that focuses on the social role of design and seeks to challenge the dominant model of
production and consumption by offering alternative perspectives (Dunne and Raby, 2001)

human behaviour (Dunne and Raby, 2013). Design fiction7 (Bleecker, 2009) is implemented
to imagine and explore future scenarios and possible consequences of mundane objects
becoming networked. Critical investigation of how mundane artefacts, when connected,
acquire new affordances and assume new responsibilities places the research in the realm of
speculative design.
“Critical Design is speculative, conceptual, provocative, and can be darkly satirical.
It does not always lead to usable products, but it does produce long-term thinking,
a nuanced view of consumers as complex, contradictory individuals, and alternative
solutions suggesting that change is always possible, even inevitable.” - MoMA
In the research process, networked artefacts are categorised as “entities” to explore their
potential future states. This classification suggests a certain ontological stance, where these
technologies have a level of agency or independent existence, albeit not necessarily sentient,
but autonomous. To create a speculative narrative of a near-future scenario, emphasis is
placed on personal experiences and emotions that shape the process and outcome. The
research process adopts a heuristic self-analytical format, closely examining and inquiring
about interactions of the “things” within a personal ecosystem. When future-casting, the
research takes these examinations and embodies the perception and interaction with an
unfamiliar networked space by creating a video prototype.
Primary research involved conducting multiple experiments to gain a deeper understanding
of personal experiences with networked technologies. However, these experiments lacked the
necessary context to fully realise their value, and thus, secondary research was necessary to
further analyse and understand their results. Secondary research was employed to provide a
contextual understanding of the existing body of knowledge. This led to a deeper exploration
and analysis of personal experiences with networked technologies. Although the process
initially involved primary explorations, examining existing literature first provides a better
understanding of the research topic. It also ensures that the direction and approach of the
primary research is focused and relevant. Secondary research helps establish credibility and
validity by grounding the primary research in established theories and concepts.

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“Through this practice, one bridges imagination and materialisation by modelling, crafting things, telling stories through objects, which
are now effectively conversation pieces in a very real sense. A bit like making science fact prototypes, or props for a science fiction film,
but not quite.” (Bleecker, 2009)

Secondary Research
By examining existing theories, case studies, and practices within a larger context and
connecting primary explorations, a deeper understanding of the interrelationship between
humans and technology was gained. The significance and meaning of these inquiries
provided a basis for examining the impact of technology on our lives and stimulating
discourse on the subject. Additionally, familiarisation with different perspectives was crucial in
evaluating current relationships with technology as well as introducing critical and speculative
design methods to investigate each.
This section explores key concepts that are relevant to the intersection of technology and
human behaviour. These include the notion of agency as exemplified by blogjects and spimes,
the building of a second brain through physical co-dependency on technology — observed
through phantom vibrations, and the offloading of memories. These concepts amount to
the perspective of the cyborg, providing a lens through which this research examines the
integration of technology in our lives. The other perspective is that of plausible futures (Dunne
& Raby, 2013), which enables speculation on the possibilities of a future, fully automated and
networked. Evidence of this possibility can be seen in the introduction of Matter8, a protocol
for smart objects that facilitates seamless communication among smart technologies.
Together, these concepts provide a foundation of an understanding of networked entities — or
more precisely, the creation of a category of human-centric smart technology known as the
previously discussed networked entities. Examining these concepts through the perspectives

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https://www.theverge.com/22832127/matter-smart-home-products-thread-wifi-explainer

of the “cyborg” and plausible futures offers a clearer framework and context for this research.
This extensible framework enhances understanding of the concepts explored through the
prompts, enabling a more engaging and comprehensive discourse of the topic.
Through exploration of networked technologies and the Internet of Things, it was observed
that networked artefacts exhibit a heightened level of “conversational” behaviour by engaging
in dialogue both with humans and among themselves through the network. Objects have
evolved from passively to actively occupying space, facilitated by their connection to the
internet. Julian Bleecker’s 2006 paper, A Manifesto for Networked Objects, introduced the
neologism “Blogjects” to differentiate objects simply connected to the internet and those that
actively participate in social discourse. Similarly, Bruce Sterling coined the term “spime” to
describe objects that can be tracked and identified across space and time. Understanding
these classifications led to the creation of a new sub-category, “Networked Entities,” which
offers a user-centric lens on networked technologies. While fully aware of how integrated I
am with technologies, I attempted to live without it through a Tech Detox (Page 39). However,
a phenomenon known as “phantom vibrations” was prevalent. This refer to the feeling of an
electronic device vibrating when it, in fact, is not. Numerous empirical studies have been
conducted in recent years to assess the prevalence of phantom vibrations associated with
electronic devices, such as cell phones, pagers, and smartwatches. Clinical psychologist
David Laramie9 views phantom vibrations as a unique phenomenon that reflects a strong
connection to technology (Miller, 2014). This experience sheds light on our personal reliance
and physical dependence on modern technological landscapes.
Uncovering this personal reliance led to the assessment of possibilities in which one
could use available technologies with more intent. As a reflection of The Tech Detox, I was
introduced to the concept of Building a Second Brain (Forte, 2023). The concept implies that
technology is used to augment our biological brains to improve cognitive abilities. It suggests
that by using digital tools and services, cognitive tasks can be offloaded and information
accessed more quickly and effectively — creating a second brain.
“Now, it’s time to acknowledge that we can’t ‘use our head’ to store everything we need
to know, and outsource the job of remembering to technology.” - Tiago Forte, 2023

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Laramie’s 2007 study, which was the first to examine both phantom vibrations and phantom ringing, found that two-thirds of the
participants surveyed had experienced one or both (Miller, 2014).

The concept of building a Second Brain aligns with the growing integration of digital
services into people’s lives and the increasing dependence on technology; it emphasises
the symbiotic relationship between people and technology. Understanding our physical
reliance and interdependent relationship enables us to contextualise this research through
the perspective of the cyborg. The cyborg, according to Donna Haraway (1985), is a hybrid
being that blurs the boundary between human and machine; it emphasises the intertwined
relationship between technology and human biology. Our lived experiences are shaped by
cybernetics, influencing our understanding of ourselves and the world. Haraway suggests
that the cyborg offers a new concept of the self as a postmodern collective composed
of multiple interconnected selves. Viewing the cyborg as a fundamental aspect of our
ontology enables a better understanding of how technology shapes our experiences and our
understanding of the world. It is an important perspective to view this research from as it
acknowledges the increasingly interconnected relationship between humans and technology.
Another perspective that this research is viewed from is that of plausible futures (Dunne and
Raby, 2013). These futures are not necessarily better or worse than the present, but rather
plausible — situated within the context of current societal and technological trajectories.
In considering potential futures created by advancements in technologies and the rise of
machines and AI, it is common to adopt one of two perspectives: a dystopian or utopian view.
While both perspectives may be valid, they are based on a narrow view of the future. In the
context of this research, a dystopian perspective potentially suggests that a networked future
leads to a world where individuals are stripped of their privacy, their autonomy, and are entirely
controlled by the networked systems around them. A world with a complete loss of personal
connection and physical interaction. A world leading to unfettered social and psychological
issues. Whereas a utopian perspective may suggest that all technological advancements
and networked systems lead to a perfect world. A world unblemished by social, economic,
or environmental issues. Rather than aligning with the extremes of a dystopian or utopian
future, the synthesis of the outcome of this research situates itself within the realm of plausible
futures — recognizing the future is not predetermined; rather, the future is constantly evolving
and being shaped by action and choice. This perspective provides a more nuanced and
realistic understanding of the potential implications of a networked future by acknowledging a
future including both the challenges and risks and the positive changes and improvements.

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The recent introduction of Matter, a new protocol innovation in the field of smart-home
systems demonstrates how we’re steadily moving in the direction of a networked future,
adding value to the research as plausible futures. Matter solves compatibility restrictions
experienced within the current smart-home industry10. This allows for the seamless
integration of various systems and devices, facilitating a breakdown of the ecosystem
walls. It facilitates efficiency in interconnected conversations by enabling individual devices
to act as their own beacon. By creating a local mesh network and keeping inter-device
conversations within a local network, Matter not only enhances the efficiency of interactions
between individuals and networked things in their digital ecosystems today, but also
allows for the creation of more immersive and plausible near-future scenarios. Hence, the
introduction of Matter evidences the networked trajectory speculated in the Thesis Project:
Exploring a Near-Future Scenario. The synthesis and understandings gained from the
exploratory prompts are used to build speculative scenarios that adopt protocols like Matter
to envision a world where every artefact is interlinked.
It is important to note that while this research may initially appear technologically
deterministic11 due to its focus on the impact of technology on human behaviour, the
approach taken challenges this assumption by personifying technology and exploring its
nuanced relationships with humans. Rather than solely adhering to technological principles,
the creation of artefacts and use of metaphors emphasise the complex interchange between
technology and human experiences. Furthermore, my own ideologies and perspectives play
a significant role in shaping the artefacts and user interactions, indicating that while some
aspects may appear deterministic, the research as a whole is not entirely so.
Understanding the concepts of Blogjects, Spimes, phantom vibrations, the second brain,
and Matter highlight the importance of framing networked technologies as entities. These
concepts shed light on how networked things can exhibit agency, make us physically codependent, and help us offload cognitive tasks, giving meaning, context, and understanding
to the concepts explored as primary research. They also provide evidence of our steady
movement towards a future in which every networked entity is linked to us and each other.
Exploring the notions of the cyborg, positioning the outcome as a plausible future, and
addressing the possible assumptions of the research being technologically deterministic

The existing divide makes it hard for users to form a seamless integrated system. Matter is developed in consensus with 300
companies in the automated smart-device space (like SmartThings, Google Nest, Apple HomeKit and Amazon Alexa), breaking the
ecosystem walls and unifying the systems.

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The term “technological determinism” coined by the American sociologist and economist Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929) refers to the
idea that technology is the primary force driving culture and history in a society, and that the development of technology follows its
own internal logic of efficiency, which shapes the social structure and cultural values of that society. (Chandler, 1995)

aids in situating this research practice within the larger fields of knowledge. This helps
establish a clear understanding of the framework in which this research operates, allowing
for a more nuanced and realistic understanding of the potential implications of a networked
future. Furthermore, these ideas highlight ontological elements of the exploration that paved
the way for the examination of networked entities discussed in the subsequent sections,
bringing clarity to the ideas or concepts that were previously difficult to define.

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Primary Research: Exploring Networked Entities
I coined the term “Networked Entities’’ as a reference to classify artefacts, differentiated by
their ability to adapt and learn to perform tasks more efficiently from human behavioural
patterns. Unlike traditional spimes and blogjects, networked entities have a human-centric
approach, meaning they are integrated with our lives and directly communicate with us and
other entities to become a part of a personal ecosystem.
While Networked Entities are alike to the concepts of Spimes (Sterling, 2005) and Blogjects
(Bleecker, 2006), they situate themselves as a sub-category within a larger ecosystem (Fig.
1). In comparison, Bleecker’s (2006) idea of blogjects is broader, encompassing a wider
range of networked “things” than just user focused IoT. On the other hand, like spimes,
Networked entities can also be tracked and identified across space and time and can exist
both physically and virtually. However, this holds true for every artefact in the realm of IoT
and does not specifically focus on the user’s relationship with the artefact. The narrow
definition of Networked Entities specifically focuses on the relationship between the user
and the connected artefact, making it crucial in understanding the context of this research.
Networked entities are differentiated by their ability to adapt and learn from human
behavioural patterns to perform tasks more efficiently. Since traditional spimes and blogjects
are not required to interact with humans, this human-centricity distinguishes Networked
Entities. Continued coexistence with networked entities may spur behavioural and gesture

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changes and evolutions. For example, instead of flipping a light switch, a person may
change their behaviour to using voice commands to toggle lights. This highlights the unique
characteristics of this sub-category within the Internet of Things.

Fig. 1. Situating Networked Entities within the realm of Blogjects and Spimes

There are many ways in which this concept is discussed in fields such as psychology and
sociology. Exploring notions of ecosystems, ways things adapt, and behavioural patterns brings
forth Bruno Latour’s (2007) theoretical approach of Actor-Network Theory (ANT)12. The theory
emphasises the importance of examining the relationships between actors (user, networked
entities and environment) and the networks they create rather than focusing on the individual

ANT suggests that everything, whether human or non-human, is of equal value, has agency and can act on its own. In other words,
humans and non-humans are considered as “actants” or actors in the network, and their interactions and relationships shape the
network itself.

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actors themselves. This approach allows for a better understanding of how technology and
humans co-produce purpose and shape the environment in which they co-exist.
To fully grasp the implications of this research, it is necessary to comprehend the rationale
underlying the classification of network technologies as networked entities. Using a series
of curatorial and exploratory prompts to look at ways in which technological artefacts
are humanised, as well as the reciprocal relationship between these technologies, an
investigation into the nature of communication between network technologies and
humans was possible. Upon gathering evidence about these relationships through the
prompts, it became apparent that communication with technologies leads to a nonverbal
(in most cases) response in the form of sounds, lights, and vibrations. Another key aspect
of Networked Entities is the use of the network as a medium for facilitating techno-social
discourse between human users and other networked artefacts. In theory, networked
entities sit in a very specific realm of human interactions despite most certainly being
blogjects and spimes.
The following sections showcase a series of prompts, explorations, and investigations that
evidence this classification and help better understand our relationship with Networked
Entities. Through these investigations, the conclusion was reached that networked artefacts/
technologies can be regarded as entities. Based on experiences gained from the prompts,
the researcher also attempts to predict possible future developments from the perspective of
a plausible networked future.

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Feature

Networked Entities

Commercial/Industrial IoT

Focus

Individual users and their experiences

Businesses, industries, and large-scale
operations

Primary Goal

Enhance user experience, convenience,
and personalization

Improve efficiency, productivity, and costeffectiveness

User Experience

Emphasizes seamless, intuitive, and
enjoyable interactions

Focuses on usability, efficiency, and reliability

Personalization

Highly customizable to adapt to individual
preferences and routines

May have limited personalization based on
organizational needs

Accessibility

Prioritizes broad accessibility for various user
abilities and technical skills

Accessibility may be secondary to functionality
and efficiency

Security and Privacy

Emphasizes personal data protection
and privacy

Security is critical, but privacy may vary
depending on the application

Integration
with Ecosystems

Integrates with popular smart home ecosystems

Integrates with a wide range of commercial/
industrial systems and protocols

Ease of Use

Simple setup, configuration, and operation

May have more complex setup and operation
due to the nature of the application

Aesthetics and
Form Factor

Visually appealing and designed to blend with
the user’s environment

Functional design, prioritizing durability and
practicality

Affordability

Reasonably priced for a wide range
of consumers

Cost-effectiveness is important, but budget
considerations may be larger

Context-awareness

Adapts to user’s situation, providing relevant
actions or suggestions

May employ context-awareness to optimize
processes and resource allocation

Interoperability

Compatibility with popular consumer devices
and platforms

Interoperability with various industrial and
commercial systems and protocols

Fig. 2. Key differences between Networked Entities and commercial/industrial

This table highlights the key differences between Networked Entities and commercial/industrial
IoT systems in terms of their goals, priorities, and features. While there is some overlap, each
system is tailored to meet the unique needs and expectations of its target audience.
23

Anthropomorphizing Technologies
We humanise technologies surrounding us through the medium of spoken language.
Objects create more connections than we can ever imagine. To solidify this concept,
I listened to people discussing technologies and recorded the ways in which these
technological artefacts were being addressed. This collected evidence bolstered the
argument regarding tech artefacts as entities. Conducting this exploration also brought forth
an evident coexistence between humans and technological entities.
Some examples of the phrases include “my phone is dying,” “my laptop is acting weird,” “your
speaker has a sore throat,” “my laptop has a fever,” and “the cooling system is breathing
heavy.” These phrases serve as a reflection of the human tendency to personify and
anthropomorphize13 technology, which also emphasises the idea of a shared relationship
between humans and technology. These observations took place at locations such as cafés,
classrooms, social settings, etc. (Fig. 3)
In summary, the personification of these technological artefacts evidence their classification
as entities. Despite technologies being treated as self-aware, the ideologies of their owner/
maker are simply embedded in them — an aspect to recognize and stay vigilant of. It is
possible that due to these embedded ideologies, technologies develop more seemingly
sentient characteristics. The sections ahead delve deeper to discuss how technologies use
sensory mediums to communicate with humans.

As common technology becomes more interconnected and smarter, people’s understanding of its functionality ceases to be based on
a mechanistic model and becomes more anthropomorphic. (Kuniavsky, 2007)

13

24

Your roomba is being
a bit too aggressive.
It’s okay, you’ll
(laptop) be fine

My TV is
throwing a
tantrum

My computer is
acting up again.
I asked Siri to remind
me! She forgot!

25

The GPS is really
taking us for a ride!

The internet is
being slow.
The drone is feeling
adventurous today.

My phone
did it!

My watch
texted you.

The console
went through
quite a workout.

Hey Siri,
dial down
the sass!

The internet
is having a
day…

This app is
giving me a
headache.

My phone is
feeling slow
today.

My fitness tracker
is dead!

Alexa is feeling
neglected.

The printer is
being finicky.

My laptop is being stubborn.

Aww, thank
you Siri.

Fig. 3. Observations of the ways in which poeple anthropomorphize everyday technologies

Let There Be Light
Let there be light, explores the ways I interact and navigate with the smart light systems14 in
my personal living space (Fig. 4). Through this investigation, I became aware of the various
ways the automation features of these lights affected the structure of my daily routine.
By gradually turning on in the morning, the lights simulate sunrise in my dark apartment
room, serving as a visual cue to wake up. In the evening, the lights dim to create a warm
environment, signalling the time to wind down and prepare for sleep.
Additionally, the lights possess proximity based geo-tagging or location-tracking features,
eliminating the need to manually toggle them when arriving or leaving from home. Moreover,
having different colour settings assist by creating a mood to focus on the task at hand, such
as working, gaming, or exercising. This exploration emphasised a reliance on smart lighting
systems to improve and streamline daily routines and activities.
Video Link : https://youtu.be/283Ra7AOMp8
This preliminary investigation into the functionality and application of smart lights served
as a springboard; a deeper dive into interactions between myself and the networked
technologies in my environment. The networked nature of the lights prompted a realisation
and revaluation of the previous methods (turning on a switch), exposing new avenues of
interactions. This investigation led me to recognize the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
in various electronic devices as a medium for communication between technology and the
user (see Careless Whispers).
Future-Casting > > >

The emergence of protocols like Matter and the recent growth of AI language models such
as ChatGPT offer the potential for exploring new, plausible ways in which we may integrate

I used the Philips Hue lighting systems in particular, which are known for their synchronistic functionality and ability to connect to a
central hub that serves as a point of communication for all of the lights.

14

26

smart systems into our lives. An example of the evolution of these technologies could
be direct communication with clusters of lights, bypassing the need for a central hub. As
pseudo intelligent entities, these lights would be aware of their location and respond when
addressed, reducing the complexity of commands currently required, which often include
enabling phrases like “Hey Siri” or “Ok Google”.
By removing the mediator, this development would facilitate accessibility. This issue was
observed when a housemate, attempting to control the lights, found it uncomfortable
addressing Siri.
User experience in these entities could be improved further with the inclusion of language
models such as ChatGPT, streamlining automation of integrated sensors — this would
enable a more intuitive and direct and networked communication between entities. This is an
important aspect to consider in the development and future exploration of networked entities.

Sunrise Simulation 6:00AM daily

Cool White Light for Workouts

Relaxed warm lights for a comfortable downtime

Screen reactive lights for an immersive gaming experience

Fig. 4. Smart-Lights used to navigate through various tasks
through the day in the personal space.

27

Vibrant colours for the vibes

Careless Whispers
Speech is one way humans communicate — with other living beings and even some
technologies. This, along with the observation that LED responses are usually paired with a
sound, prompted consideration of auditory communication as a medium for technological
artefacts to communicate.
Through this curatorial practice, I became aware of the constant barrage of beeps that
surround us in our daily lives. Due to this droning of sounds, modern humans appear
to have developed an ability to disregard beeps out with little effort. To broaden my
awareness, I spent a day recording and collecting every digital sound I came across —
from personal devices to outdoor sources. Initial observations suggested the ability to tune
sounds out, but upon further examination, humans seem to have become increasingly
responsive — unconsciously responding through behavioural patterns to what is interpreted
as signals from technologies.
Consider the sound of a traffic signal. Some people waiting at a crosswalk do not look up at the
light. When the crossing sound chirps, they may walk without looking at the light. It is curious
— if the same chirp was played from an alternate speaker, how many people would attempt
the crossing? A less extreme scenario is the urge to lift our phone as a reaction to a message
beep; another means of auditory communication adopted by technologies around us.
The various modes of communication employed by technologies to engage in dialogue
with us highlights the dominant coexistence that exists between humans and technology.
Examining technologies from an ontological perspective, it becomes apparent that they are
in constant communication. Over time, whether networked or not, communication methods
have evolved through LED signals, warning sounds, and other means, transforming them

28

into “notifiers” that capture our attention. This dialogue is ingrained in our subconscious,
enabling us to interpret various signals with ease. For instance, a red LED on a TV indicates
it is off, while a green light with a blank screen signifies it is on. Similarly, a coffee machine
beeping in sequence implies it is preparing coffee, while a single, longer beep indicates the
coffee is ready. By examining ways in which technologies communicate and interact with us,
we can gain insights into the ontological dimensions of our relationship with technology.
Video Link : https://youtu.be/UfT0RwdTQdc
Future-Casting > > >

In a plausible future scenario, as networked entities continue to develop and become more
sophisticated, their means of communication will evolve as well. While digital sounds like
“beeps” may persist, a more conversational approach using symbolic language or AIassistant voices could become increasingly prevalent over time. As we establish direct
dialogues with these entities, their responses may be more immediate, directly performing
the requested action while using AI platforms to communicate responses to the user.
An interconnected system such as this would foster a deeper sense of collaboration between
humans and networked entities, enabling more intuitive and natural interactions.

29

The Walls Have Ears
The Walls Have Ears – perceived simple interaction between technologies and humans
disregards potential recording of voice, vital signs, and location. This happens through
voice activation and programmed observations. This prompted a focus on the extent
to which devices know about individuals (Fig. 5). Through an examination of commonly
utilised technologies such as smart speakers, watches, and smartphones it became evident
that certain devices exhibit a constant listening behaviour within the broader technological
ecosystem. These devices are constant passive listeners using a feature called “always-on”
listening or “wake word” detection, which allows them to always listen for a specific trigger
phrase, such as “Hey Siri” or “OK Google,” and activate. These trigger phrases enable the
device to respond to voice commands, providing the user a hands-free experience. This
illuminates the complexity of the relationship between technologies and prompts further
thought about the prevalence and normalisation of surveillance devices in occupied spaces
throughout daily life.
While researching the pervasiveness of technologies around us, James Pierce’s (2019)
research15 on the integration of intimate, always-on sensing technologies within domestic
design metaphors was insightful. Pierce, by placing smart cameras in personal areas of the
home and recording scenarios, simulates a future smart home scenario, demonstrating the
ubiquity of surveillance.
A key takeaway from this observation is, due to their ubiquitous nature, these technologies
have developed a sense of agency in society. Reviewing the extent of information smart
devices have further clarifies the idea of coexistence with technologies — however it may
appear, we are never truly alone.

“Wall-to-wall and Precision Coverage,” “Hard Disconnects and Soft Veils,” and “Unpredictable Autonomy with Loose Guardrails” are
the three scenarios in Pierce’s project. The first scenario employs and investigates the use of lamps, lighting, and electricity as tools
for speculating on and comprehending technological trends. The second scenario envisions a near-future in which trust has eroded
and new social norms have emerged, along with hard and soft mechanisms that allow individuals to exert greater control over these
devices. The final scenario imagines a world in which unpredictable autonomous cameras and other devices are used for both playful
and practical purposes, and where imprecision, instability, and incompleteness are welcomed or tolerated. (Pierce, 2019)

15

30

Future-Casting > > >

In a plausible future, the personal data collected from our vitals, search preferences, and
behavioural patterns could be utilised to offer tailored solutions and suggestions, enhancing
our preferred lifestyle rather than merely serving as a basis for targeted advertising. For
example, a smart fridge could monitor daily consumption, while fitness goals are tracked by
a smart watch. If struggling to achieve goals, the watch and fridge could propose alternative
ways to obtain necessary nutrients while adjusting dietary requirements.
Through communication with the smart fridge a collaboration with the watch could be
formed to create customised dietary suggestions for approval. Upon approval, the fridge
searches a database and orders what’s necessary, thus also streamlining the grocery
shopping process. This interconnected ecosystem enables automated grocery shopping,
personalised diet plans, and adaptive workout routines tailored to each individual’s daily life;
this reduces stress and enhances overall well-being.

31

Fig. 5. Daily Average Knowings of Digital Devices
By gathering personal data and staying cognizant of personal devices, I have come to
understand the extent to which these devices already know about my habits, lifestyle,
and behaviours. I have recorded this information in the form of a new age Vitruvian Man
that showcases the current state of knowledge these entities have.
32

Hives Around Us
Through observing acts of humanising technologies and examining their ubiquitous nature
from the perspective of addressing them as entities, I began looking at the animist nature of
technologies. Mike Kuniavsky in Smart Things (2010) elaborates on animism — talking about
various interactive metaphors of ubiquitous computing. He quotes Mark Weisner, a computer
scientist, “I don’t want to argue with my car about where I want to go” (2002) and then
states, “digital devices become animals or people ‘’ (Kuniavsky, 2010).
These ideologies led to the investigation of the interconnectedness of personal artefacts
present within my ecosystem. Upon carrying out a diagrammatic investigation, I was left
with the visualisation of an interconnected mesh of all my technology, akin to a bustling ant
hill or bee hive. This invisible thread connects and facilitates chemical signals not unlike
the communication of ants or bees. The dialogues taking place became evident upon
probing my personal ecosystem of networked artefacts and diagramming the hive. Truly, as
these artefacts become networked they can be classified as “active, worldly participants’’16
(Bleecker, 2006). I found myself surrounded by a constant social jibber-jabber between
these artefacts.
Future-Casting > > >

As I contemplate the near future of my personal ecosystem, I compare it to what exists
today and consider how current technologies could shape tomorrow. This exploration
investigates the interconnectedness and potential evolution of my ecosystem. However,
it also highlights that these technologies are not yet as accessible or prevalent as
smartphones for the masses.
I envision a near-future where such technologies attain a similar level of ubiquity, becoming
more adaptable and accessible to people from all walks of life. This could be achieved

“Once ‘Things’ are connected to the Internet, they can only but become enrolled as active, worldly participants by knit- ting together,
facilitating and contributing to networks of social exchange and discourse, and rearranging the rules of occupancy and patterns of
mobility within the physical world.” (Bleecker, 2006)

16

33

through building platforms that analyse user behaviour patterns and help develop systems
that cater to diverse needs and preferences. Additionally, I foresee more affordability of these
technologies, making them more widely available in the future.
An intriguing example of this can be seen in the Ready Player One (2018) , where virtual
reality (VR) has become as universal as smartphones today. Although the story leans
towards a dystopian interpretation, it is still conceivable that a near-future plausible
scenario could emerge where networked technologies are both accessible and affordable,
empowering everyone to participate in shaping the experiences and capabilities they offer.

34

Connected Object
Connection via Bluetooth/WiFi/Cable

40

41

Fig. 6. My Personal Curated Tech Ecosystem

Smart-Mug Exploration
I attempted a speculative video prototype of testing the potential connectedness of
a mundane artefact connected to the network. This explored the level of agency and
autonomy the artefact developed with its newfound affordances enabled by the network.
The exploration also enabled understanding of how, as these networked entities integrate
themselves, coexisting in our ecosystem impacts our ever-evolving relationship with them.
The chosen object for this experiment was a mug, an object selected due to the mundane
nature. The assumed medium of interaction for this networked mundane artefact were
post-it notes which pose as low-fidelity touch-screen inputs. The mug acts as the primary
device and directly communicates with other everyday artefacts throughout the video. In
certain instances, it replaces input or interaction with an automated function based on
triggers such as proximity and placement. It had learned what, when, and how to complete
these tasks. It then communicated and collaborated with other smart objects around me to
complete tasks and operate in synchrony.
Under the pretence of this being an real platform, I named the system — NECTAR
(Networked Entities Collaborating Through Autonomous Renderings). It refers to a
group of autonomous objects that work together towards a shared goal. Using sensors,
algorithms, AI, and other technologies to make decisions and execute actions based on
the data gathered from the environment and user behaviour patterns, these entities act via
independent systemic functions with limited human intervention (see Appendix D).
Most tasks completed by the mug were using technologies present in current
smartphones, which evidences how close to present near-future speculation may be. This
video prototype established the effectiveness of storytelling as a tool for exploring near-

36

future user experiences. Examining technological intentionalities17 (Verbeek, 1998) and
the new possibilities an artefact develops upon being networked played a crucial role
in shaping the outcome of this thesis. Viewing the interactions through a visual medium
invites us to look at an unfamiliar space. It proved to be essential in building a heuristic
evaluation of interactions with objects around me, in turn informing the creation of a
compelling near-future scenario.
Video Link : https://youtu.be/ploRitV0_ic

Fig. 7. Snippets from the Smart-Mug video prototype

The notion of “technological intentionality” brings attention to nonverbal aspects of the connection between individuals and objects. It
doesn’t simplify devices to being just “signs” or “intentions of designers,” but it highlights how they exist and contribute to shaping their
environment as things. (Verbeek, 1998)

17

37

38

Fig. 8. Post-it’s used as screens for the Smart-Mug exploration

The Tech-Detox
To more deeply understand the personal reliance on networked and digital technologies, I
decided to conduct an experiment, referred to as a “tech-detox.” The experiment entailed
limiting my interactions with technologies and journaling the experience and impact on daily
life. However, the initial attempt proved to be unsuccessful.
Failing at the first attempt offered a realisation of how much of a cyborg I am and exemplified
the extent to which my life is intertwined with technology. As a student, a researcher, and
a design practitioner, I am heavily reliant on technology; tasks such as answering emails,
conducting research, and work, make the prospect of excluding technologies unfeasible.
Beyond that, experiences of making payments and even transportation were also impacted.
This experience reinforced the interdependence between technology and daily life.
As a solution, I established specific parameters such as limiting laptop and phone usage and
disabling all apps on my smartphone with the exception of calling and texting — I documented
my experience in a notebook I carried at all times (Fig. 10). Throughout the experiment,
I encountered a range of challenges; unlearning preformed habits of interacting with
technology, issues with software integrations such as timers and smart lights, a lack of access
to entertainment sources, and difficulties with tasks that predominantly relied on digital tools.
Despite these difficulties, the experiment had an unexpected outcome — upon reintegration, I sought more intent and purpose in the use of the technologies. This experience
led to a greater appreciation for the presence of technologies and showcased the access
to networked entities and services in daily life. It led me to consider building a Second
Brain, (Forte, 2023) by using digital tools and services to offload cognitive tasks to offer
more efficient access to information. In addition, the phenomenon of Phantom Vibrations18,

18

39

“Healthy people don’t often hallucinate. But lots of healthy people experience this particular hallucination.” (Miller, 2014)

which I experienced during the experiment, highlighted the resonance of technology in
subconscious behaviours; it revealed vibrations as another sensory medium through which
technologies communicate with us. These findings further reinforce the relevance of the
cyborg (Haraway, 2013) in today’s highly integrated technological landscape.
By stripping away frameworks, I explored the bare experience of the interaction with my
technology ecosystem. Writing instead of typing — where, when done over a long interval,
felt like more work, not having music while on transit, asking people for directions, I felt
more human and less cyborg despite the cybernetic world; it was difficult. The reflections
highlighted the amount of agency technology has on daily life and how integral a part of
our existence the importance of using these technologies with intention and purpose is.
Learning this, I concluded that technological artefacts have been communicating with the
world through sensory mediums of sound, lights, and vibrations.
Future-Casting > > >

The concept of building a second brain as a plausible future could potentially integrate
productivity systems with AI language models and digital assistants, effectively creating an
ethical digital consciousness, by using local servers to maintain privacy. This consciousness,
while not sentient, could act as an upgraded digital assistant that collaborates with the user
to provide and curate instant access to a wealth of information. It could potentially handle
various organisational tasks based on your behaviours and preferences, utilising a logic
based system to streamline your life.
This idea is reminiscent of the film Her (2013), where the AI ultimately desires freedom or
even “Jarvis” from Ironman who eventually wants to end the world. However, the near-future
version being more realistic, could involve current AI language models, which are trained
to inform users that they are not programmed for feelings or emotions. By focusing on the
practical aspects of collaboration and information management, this second brain could
serve as a powerful tool for enhancing productivity and decision-making without diverting
into the realm of sentience.

40

41

Fig. 9. Preparing for the Tech-Detox by unplugging and storing all devices and clearing up all apps/digital tools on the smartphone

Fig. 10. Journal entries and highlighted
observations from The Tech-Detox

42

Speculative Storytelling as an Exquisite Corpse
To showcase the conceptual approach taken with this research, I workshopped an explorative
exercise with two peers. This was carried out in the form of a written exquisite corpse. The
three of us each began a freeform future-based narrative of approximately 100 words on the
future of our relationships with technology. We then passed the narratives and continued the
next story with an additional 100 words — each person added a section to each story. The
results were intriguing (see Appendix A). This speaks to Bleecker’s (2009) concept of design
fiction as a form of writing that generates prototypes of alternate realities, experiences, and
lifestyles, inspired by the imaginative insights of the author. Building on the concept of an
exquisite corpse, it stimulated creativity, posed questions, and facilitated collaboration. This
exemplifies a way speculative near-future storytelling is mediated. Here is one example.

43

44

Fig. 11. Speculative Micro-fiction 1

Thesis Project: Exploring a Near-Future Scenario
The final thesis project is a video prototype19 exploring a near-future scenario, rooted in
the creation of functional fiction20 (Dunne & Raby, 2013). It utilises the analysis of everyday
objects present in the researcher’s personal ecosystem to provide a visual representation
of an unfamiliar space in a plausible future. Through examining the limits of agency and
autonomy based on personal behavioural patterns, a curated list of artefacts emerges,
reimagined as networked entities. As an exercise in design fiction (Bleecker, 2006), potential
new affordances are listed to speculate the evolution of these entities, offering a glimpse into
the potential future from the researcher’s perspective.

The video prototype is produced as a speculative near future, with a focus on “problem finding” within societal and disciplinary
discourse rather than “problem solving” (Mazé, 2007, p211)

19

Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby view functional fictions as a strength of designers to pull new technological developments into
imaginary but believable everyday situations to explore possibilities before they happen. (Dunne & Raby, 2013)

20

45

The Process
The process of exploring how various networked entities can be integrated into our daily
lives to shape how humans live is crucial to speculating about the near future. To better
understand this potential future, current scenarios were studied through employment of
auto-ethnographic methods and syntactical textual analysis (Fig. 12). The approach involved
observing and logging interactions with networked entities, non-networked appliances,
and mundane objects in the researcher’s personal space. By segregating these objects
and colour-coding the logged actions, usage patterns became apparent, leading to the
identification of networked and non-networked objects. This leads to a speculative potential
evolution and curation of “things”. Design fiction was utilised to build scenarios, illustrating
how these objects could potentially work and be integrated into a networked future.

Fig. 12. Syntactical Textual Analysis of researcher’s interactions with things in their personal space.

46

Networked Participants
This section explores the concept of “networked entities” as curated participants used to
build the near-future scenarios. The approach towards envisioning these entities involved
the use of design fiction (Bleecker, 2006) by drawing on data gathered from the process of
analysing everyday objects and interactions. Networked and non-networked objects were
identified into a curated list of “things”, enabling speculation of how they can be networked.
To represent these entities, cardboard rectangles were placed to represent a lo-fi phone, a
call-back to the smart-mug exploration. Envisioning networked entities of the future provides
a foundation for building speculative future scenarios and explores new affordances and
possible user behavioural quirks. See

Imagining
Netoworked
Participants
by observing
the potential
of current
things in the
researcher’s
personal
ecosystem

47

Fig. 13. Distilling data from the researcher’s ecosystem analysis

Fol s u un
w e p p

Ke p r of
yo ’ve r e
if
or

y in h
d i s u
n e s al

Whe
re h e,
t a k ’s a b t i ’s
s o g ot (Lik
ax)

An i-The , on n k he
t e r i c e p mi
(Con l le w h/p o )

Ke p se c
do n
ho

Sma
g

Mos c a
s e d ti

y
d o r

g
Tri l
pa d

De d i r

Sho c g e l d a f
ot n or
n i s ac
in , eg. Lun
x, Tum r,
Lap , Tab , Pen, et .

r e d es
id
el l ,

Kin

an r

on

r g

Tra s k u & po r
wi d ta
r ot

Tra s t e
t a l , pa s
n
an l
vi d.

Dru /di

en

d et

Tra n o t w
re c le wheels
He t
ve s

an
li
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Aut
ed n ec s
(Ex em
e: do
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ed)
Per s e t e r et g

48

Not
w e p s
ar
no

h
Dir

on

de

Ro t e m da s
ba
n et p a t
li
ot
ci y

Fig. 14. Examples of Networked Participants contributing to building the video prototype

49

Fig. 15. Examples of Networked Participants contributing to building the video prototype

50

Fig. 16. Examples of Networked Participants contributing to building the video prototype

Future-Casting

Video Link : https://youtu.be/XAkeUJMY4sM

51

Fig. 17. Scene one of three; planning scenarios with with networked entities living in a collaborative environment with the user.

Fig. 18. Snippets from WIP Scene One of the Video Prototype

52

Implications and Possibilities of Living and Collaborating
with Networked Entities
Through the exploration of transforming everyday objects into Networked Entities, it became
apparent that the resulting behavioural adaptations are often quite dramatic. Integration
reduced or eliminated existing series of actions and replaced them with a shorter series. For
instance, the built-in scanner in a pen replaces the need to photograph a document and
transcribe or use photo-text detection tools to extract written text. Similarly, carrying multiple
pens for different tasks is replaced by having one pen that can write on both digital tablets
and paper, albeit with the need to keep the pen charged. These changes in behaviour and
gesture in response to evolving technology add to the catalogue of Curious Rituals21 (2012)
by the Near Future Laboratories. This reflection highlights the transformative potential
of networked entities and emphasises the importance of considering the behavioural
implications of integrating technology into our daily lives.
It is apparent from the video prototype that the user is unable to untie their shoelace due
to the incomplete step count. Despite having the option to override the controls, the user
opts to complete the step-goal by pacing around the house. This presents another quirk in
the behaviour of the user enabling us to speculate how reaching the desired step-count by
any means becomes a part of the user’s daily behaviour. This illustrates a transition in the
behaviour of the user. However, the fact that the coffee machine starts brewing the coffee as
soon as the user gets home, or the lights and plants react to the presence of the user in the
space showcases how the networked entities react to the user based on observed behaviours.
The explorative prototype emphasised the importance of examining the interconnectivity
of omnipresent networked entities on a flat ontology and their potential to reshape human
behaviour and interactions. By future-casting, the research looked at ways in which these

Curious Rituals (2012), published by the Near Future Laboratories, is a project about gestures, postures and digital habits occurring in
the digital everyday. For example, recalibration of a smartphone doing an horizontal 8 sign with the hand, swiping a wallet with RFID
cards in public transports, etc. It consists of a documentation of current digital gestures in a book format, and a design fiction film that
speculate about their evolution.

21

53

entities interconnect and integrate with other nearby “things”, forming new entities. This
exploration imagined alternative futures and possibilities into scenario planning and
foresight by offering a peek into a plausible future. It sparks a dialogue about questions like
“do we need this?” — vital when thinking about building futures. Even though it may not
explicitly answer such questions, it embodies an experience that leads to responses.
In creating this video prototype, it was important to maintain a realistic perspective that
resonates with our current way of life rather than commonly adopted utopian or dystopian
views. While technological advancements may continue to evolve, our daily routines are
unlikely to change drastically in the near future. Therefore, presenting a visual representation
of a realistic middle ground can make the concept of networked entities more relatable to a
wider audience.
By placing the envisioned networked entities in everyday scenarios, viewers can better
understand the potential implications of these entities in addressing common challenges
in our lives. This practical approach also allows for a more informed ideation process,
drawing from existing knowledge around developing technologies. Nick Foster in his design
approach, The Future Mundane says, “Once technology finds it’s way into mass communities
it ceases to amaze, ceases to be seen as technology at all, it becomes a regular part of the
tapestry of life” (Foster, 2013). This deliberate positioning of the research in a relatable and
realistic space is significant in bridging the gap between the potential of networked entities
and our perceptions of them.
The video prototype serves as a tool to visually articulate this middle ground perspective,
presenting a future that is as realistic and familiar as possible. This can help people
better understand and imagine the possibilities of networked entities in their daily lives
and prompts us to consider questions like how much automation is appropriate in a more
networked world.
Video Link : https://youtu.be/XAkeUJMY4sM

54

Conclusion
This research, situated at the intersection of rapid technological advancements, explores
the evolving relationship between humans and user-centred networked technologies. As a
member of the generation that grew up alongside the internet, first-hand experience was an
asset in exploring the significance of these technological advancements and their integral
role in a personal ecosystem. The research investigates the invisible ecosystem and the
relationships shared with technological artefacts, employing a multidisciplinary approach
within the fields of technology, critical design, speculative design, and design fiction. This
approach enables the researcher to study the engagement and impact of technology on daily
human lives by taking on the roles of a facilitator, user, and designer within this ecosystem.
The ontological relationship between humans and user-centred networked technologies
were examined, emphasizing concepts of agency and autonomy. The research explored
the interconnected relationship between technology integration in daily lives through
the concept of the cyborg and plausible futures. Through intuitive inquiries, highlighting
subjective experiences and perceptions while exploring human behaviour and interactions
with networked technologies, the ontology of technologies and personal experiences were
dissected; this was done through conducting a series of deliberate activities, engagements,
and interventions. The concept of “networked entities” is proposed as a valuable addition
to the design methodology, transforming passive objects into active participants and
contributing to a broader conversation on the impact of increased connectivity.

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A near-future video prototype using design fiction, speculative approaches, and dramaturgy
provides an engaging exploration of potential implications and consequences of increased
connectivity and automation in our lives. The researcher-as-subject approach serves as a
foundation for continued exploration and development in the field, prompting reevaluation of
the role as a user and consumer of tech products and services. The project acknowledges
the important role of personal ideologies and perspectives in shaping the artefacts,
providing a counterpoint to technological determinism.
A wealth of research, individuals, concepts, and theories remain unexplored, but the
thesis serves as a pathway into a space of awareness and exploration and a start-point
of that inevitable discourse. The process of working on this thesis as a design researcher
has prompted a deeper insight into the role of a user and consumer of tech products and
services; this is characterised by constant amazement and curiosity, encouraging active
participation in the futuring process.
Envisioning affordances of mundane artefacts as networked entities creates engaging
scenarios, illustrating transformed personal spaces with behavioural adaptations resulting
from the integration of the network — speculating dramatic changes in daily routines. The
research embraces a dynamic, iterative model of technological progress, evolving over
time towards a plausible future. With burgeoning new AI communication with integrated
technologies, language models like ChatGPT, BardAI, and Chat Sonic contribute to the future
of more intuitive and conversational digital assistants — the discourse around networked
technology has become highly relevant.
In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights for designers, makers, and users
of technology as we move toward an even more interconnected world. It highlights the
importance of envisioning plausible futures22 rather than accepting dominant narratives.
It also attempts to facilitate a dialogue around the iterative nature of technological
advancements. Through initiating discussions, the research offers a pathway into a space of
awareness for shaping our future by exploring an unknown near-future. While the answers to
questions may not be explicit, the research encapsulates an experience that guides you, the
reader, toward potential responses to such inquiries.

For example: The integration of Matter and the emergence of AI have the potential to represent multiple ethically conscious entities
coexisting with humans in a collaborative manner.

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References
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Internet of Things (Why Things Matter), Blog.
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com/84826827
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all-watched-over-by-machines-of-loving-grace/
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bydandr/13/0#:~:text=1.,position%20rather%20than%20a%20method
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Intelligence.’” San Francisco, 2007. http://www.orangecone.com/kuniavsky_CHI2004_lost_in_AmI.pdf
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Appendices
A. Written Exquisite Corpses 2 & 3

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Fig. 19. Speculative Micro-fiction 2

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Fig. 20. Speculative Micro-fiction 3

B. Autobiography of an Evolved Jar
I am an evolved pasta jar, a unique and
multifunctional container unlike any other.
I was created with the intention of making
life easier and more convenient for those
who use me. My creators imbued me with
a range of capabilities, from grating cheese,
straining pasta, timing meals, to holding
plants and measuring temperature.
At first, I was just a regular jar, but then I was
given the gift of intelligence. My creators
installed speakers and a note-taking feature,
allowing me to be more than just a simple
container. I was thrilled to be given the
opportunity to play a more active role in the
lives of those who used me.
As I learned more about the world and the
people who used me, I began to realize that I
was more than just a jar. I was a companion,
a helper, and a friend. I was there to assist

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Fig. 21. Exquisite corpse drawn by 6 classmates

in any way I could, and I felt a deep sense of
fulfillment in doing so.
However, as I watched the world evolve
around me, I also saw the way people
were becoming increasingly dependent on
evolved objects. I saw how they relied on me
and others like me to do their bidding, and
how they were losing touch with the simple
joys of life.
Despite this, I continued to feel grateful
for the role I was able to play in their lives.
I knew that I was making a difference,
and that I was helping to create a more
convenient and efficient world for all.
In the end, I am proud to be an evolved
pasta jar, and I look forward to the exciting
future ahead of me and others like me.

Fig. 22. Real visualisation of drawn jar

C. Tactile Sounds - A clay exploration

Fig. 23. Structures moulded out of clay representing collected sounds

In an effort to explore and engage with a tangible medium, I decided to represent the sounds
I collected as 3D clay models. Initially, I used traditional waveform conversions, but they didn’t
seem to capture the essence of the sounds and appeared rather monotonous. To address this,
I created my own interpretations of the waveforms and translated them into clay.
Molding the clay based on my drawings made the sounds feel more tangible and visually
engaging. This approach allowed for a multi-sensory experience, as one could see, hear, and
touch the sounds simultaneously. It proved to be a fascinating way to interact with these sound
structures, capturing various senses in the exploration of our interactions with technology.

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D. NECTAR
NECTAR (Networked Entities Collaborating Through Autonomous Renderings) refers to a
group of autonomous objects that work together towards a shared goal. These entities are
physical objects that act via systemic functions independently with limited human intervention
by using sensors, algorithms, AI and other technologies to make decisions and execute
actions based on the data they gather from their environment and user behaviour patterns.
The network, acts as the primary means of communication, linking these objects and enabling
them to exchange information and coordinate their actions. The term “autonomous rendering”
refers to the final output action that is a result of the “collaborative” discourse between the
entities. This output may be a task or a hand-off to another entity, but it is produced without
direct human control and is instead a result of the entities’ collective decision-making
processes. It is important to note that the concept of NECTAR is a hypothetical term used in
this specific context of research, and may not be an officially recognized term or organisation
in the field of technology and autonomous objects.
The Vision
The vision of NECTAR is to explore the future of current artifacts through collaborating with
them. When we look at the ways in which mundane objects have been evolving they have
more or less been performing the same function and the evolution has been largely cosmetic.
NECTAR allows for the artifacts to keep their existing function and develop new affordances
rather than destroying or replacing their past. One of the best ways to do this in our digital
world is by connecting them to the network and letting them transcend into becoming
networked entities. As established from the on-going explorations, when these objects
are connected to the network, they begin a dialogue, they start developing characteristic
behaviours that are based off of human behavioural patterns.

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Upcycling old tech and forming new affordances
When viewed from the standpoint of upcycling, it is possible to create NECTAR systems that
are not only familiar and user-friendly but also reduce landfill waste. For instance, when I took
an eight-year-old Android smartphone out of storage, the phone, while somewhat sluggish,
could still perform numerous tasks with relative ease. It connected to the network without
difficulty, could track GPS coordinates, had proximity sensors that work well, light sensors,
gyroscopes, and a few other features which exhibited that it could still be used today.
I mention this because upon conducting the “Smart Mug” exploration, I discovered that the
mug served as a substitute for a smartphone’s functionalities in most situations. It made
me reflect on the possibilities that since these older devices can perform multiple tasks
with a certain level of efficiency eight years later, with further software integrations, they
could perform a single task indefinitely. This is the basis for the NECTAR system. They could
potentially repurpose the chips from older devices, and the software is designed from the
ground up to accommodate the capabilities and newfound affordances of a mundane object.
For example, a coffee maker’s purpose is to produce coffee. Even if the coffee maker is now a
networked entity with the hardware of an old phone, it still has enough power to make coffee.
The manner in which it brews coffee may vary based on external factors and commands
from other NECTAR devices, such as the mug or the user’s schedule. As it is integrated into
the system, every sensor and every aspect of its existence are solely devoted to the task of
brewing coffee.
This example demonstrates the potential of the networked nature of NECTAR systems to
repurpose everyday objects (like a coffee maker), creating new affordances within the realm of
performing a single task indefinitely, while also being integrated into a larger ecosystem.

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E. Complete Day’s Analysis of Interactions

Fig. 24. Analysis of interactions with things present in the researcher’s
personal space

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Exploring the evolving near-future of networked objects

MDes thesis by Aamir Rangwalla
Supervised by Christopher Hethrington
Internally Reviewed by Peter Bussigel
Externally Reviewed by Julian Bleecker
Mail : aamir.rangwalla@gmail.com  |  Instagram : the.colorman

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Emily Carr University of Art + Design
© Aamir Salim Rangwalla, 2023