An Exploratory Study on Bridging
Biometric Insights to Emotional
Well-Being

Lilian Zhatong Chen

Master of Design - Interaction Design, Emily Carr University of Art and Design
BDes, Emily Carr University of Art and Design

Supervisor: Dr. Manuhuia Barcham

Table of Content
Abstract...............................................................................................................................................................................4
Background Narrative...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Framing the Research: Questions, Key Concepts, and Definitions......................................................................10
Research Question.....................................................................................................................................10
Key Terms & Definitions............................................................................................................................ 11
Understanding the Relationship Between Biometric Data and Mental Wellness.............................................13
Ethical Considerations...................................................................................................................................................15
Ensuring Ethical Standards in Research................................................................................................16
User Research Insights and Findings.......................................................................................................................... 18
1.1 Autoethnography.................................................................................................................................18
Day 1 – July 21st...........................................................................................................................18
Day 2 – July 22nd......................................................................................................................... 19
Day 3 – July 23rd.......................................................................................................................... 21
Day 4 – July 24th.......................................................................................................................... 22
Day 5 – July 25th.......................................................................................................................... 24
Day 6 – July 26th.......................................................................................................................... 25
Day 7 – July 27th.......................................................................................................................... 28
Day 8 – July 28th.......................................................................................................................... 30
1.2 Autoethnography Analysis.................................................................................................................33
Physical and Digital Environments............................................................................................33
Influence on Sleep and Biometric Cues...................................................................................34
Communal and Natural Elements.............................................................................................34
Enhancing Mental Health Through Design.............................................................................. 34
Implications for Biometric-Driven Interventions....................................................................35
Conclusion of Autoethnographic Study...................................................................................35
2. Open studio insight gathering............................................................................................................. 36
3.1 Participant Research Activity Details.............................................................................................. 37
3.2 Trends in Biometric Feedback Interpretation............................................................................... 39
3.3 Influence of Physical and Digital Spaces on User Engagement.................................................42
3.4 Research Activity Feedback..............................................................................................................42
Design concept................................................................................................................................................................43
Design Outputs................................................................................................................................................................44
Contributions and Future Applications......................................................................................................................48
Limitations........................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Sample Size and Participant Diversity...................................................................................................49

2

Biometric Data Scope................................................................................................................................49
Technical Implementation Constraints..................................................................................................50
Study Duration and Longitudinal Insights............................................................................................. 50
Reliability of Self-Report Measures........................................................................................................50
Contextual and Environmental Variability............................................................................................51
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................................51
References........................................................................................................................................................................53

3

Abstract
This research investigates how interaction design can foster mental wellness by enabling
mindful interpretation of biometric data from electronic devices. Real-time physical
signals—such as heart rate, temperature, and posture—serve as key indicators of the
often-overlooked connection between physical symptoms and mental states. This study seeks
to bridge that gap, encouraging users to adopt intentional habits that promote self-awareness.
The aim of this research is to make these connections become more accessible and actionable,
helping individuals understand how their body’s responses relate to their mental health.
The research employs a practice-based methodology, combining iterative prototype design with
qualitative interviews. Prototypes visualize biometric signals in intuitive ways, offering actionable
insights that guide users in recognizing patterns in their data. Participant interviews focus on
their experiences with wearable devices, exploring whether and how biometric feedback fosters
deeper awareness of mental states and behaviors. This dual approach provides a
comprehensive exploration of the research questions: How do embodied interactions within
physical and digital environments collectively shape and influence actions and behaviors? And
how can biometric data foster a mindful connection between users and their senses?
The study emphasizes the integration of physical and digital environments, exploring their
combined impact on user behaviors and mental wellness. By presenting real-time biometric data
through interfaces, prototypes transform abstract metrics into tangible experiences, enabling
users to engage more fully with their physical and emotional states. The research also
investigates the role of environmental contexts—adjustable or non-adjustable environmental
settings—in shaping users’ awareness and engagement with biometric feedback.
4

This work contributes to the fields of interaction design and health informatics by illustrating how
biometric data can inspire self-awareness and behavior change. It moves beyond conventional
health-tracking systems, focusing on the emotional and cognitive dimensions of biometric
feedback. By enabling users to interpret their body’s data to mental health, this study
demonstrates the potential of technology to support emotional self-regulation and foster a more
compassionate relationship with one’s body. The findings underscore the importance of
designing systems that bridge physical, digital, and emotional experiences to enrich everyday
life and promote mental wellness.

5

Background Narrative
Where this research begins…

As an interaction designer who is always eager to use my skills to make the world a little better than I
found it, I am passionate about exploring the field more deeply. Over the past few years, I have found
myself unintentionally observing people’s behaviours and trying to uncover the messages behind them.
For example, one of my friends would rub her fluffy keychain whenever a conversation made her feel
anxious. She wouldn’t notice her behaviour, but those around her did. Since I began paying closer
attention to the people around me, I’ve noticed more common clues of unconscious physical behaviours
that happen in particular situations, revealing mental or wellness messages that people themselves often
overlook.

I relate to this on a personal level. When I am stressed or anxious, I tend to lose focus and daydream
about escaping reality, often imagining a walk in the forest or a nearby park to ease my tension. This
became especially clear to me during the summer when I decided to take a break from the busy city life
and attend a retreat in rural Hawaii. There, I experienced a different lifestyle, where the island’s quiet
rhythm of sunrise and sunset promotes a natural and simple way of life. This immersion helped me
reconnect with nature and my inner self.

After returning from Hawaii, I felt more confident about the direction I wanted to pursue in my research. I
began to explore the concept of embodied interactions—how people engage with technology and their
environment through physical movements and senses, such as gestures and motion. Embodied interaction
can be used to create entirely new interaction models that go beyond the conventional two-dimensional
6

interfaces of websites or mobiles. It emphasizes user-centred design by gathering information from
physical behaviours, like facial expressions and gestures, and analyzing them for deeper insights into a
person’s emotional state.

This ties back to my curiosity and interest in observing people's behaviours and actions. I hope to use
design to help improve wellness by encouraging people to form small, positive habits within their daily
routines. Alongside embodied behaviours, I am also curious about how spaces and environments might
unconsciously affect our mental wellness.

One of the methods I’ve been using in my research is auto-ethnography. Through auto-ethnography, I
have used my own experiences to help me study my own embodied interaction, recording my behaviours
to better understand how physical movements and environment influence my own mental wellness.

By integrating biometric insights with design research, I aim to explore how embodied interaction can
inform interventions that enhance self-awareness and emotional well-being. This research focuses on
leveraging real-time body signals to help individuals recognize and interpret their physiological
responses, fostering a deeper connection between mental health, bodily awareness, and the surrounding
environment.

7

Introduction
The integration of wearable technologies and biometric data into everyday life has opened new
avenues for understanding and supporting mental wellness. However, while these systems
collect abundant data, they often fail to translate these metrics into meaningful insights that
users can connect to their daily experiences. This disconnect between data collection and
actionable understanding highlights an opportunity for interaction design to play a transformative
role.

The foundation of this research draws on the concept of embodied cognition, which challenges
traditional notions of cognitive processes. According to Main (2024), "Embodied cognition is a
concept in cognitive science suggesting our cognitive processes are deeply rooted in the body's
interactions with the environment. Traditional views of human cognition often depict mental
faculties as computations performed by a brain in isolation from bodily experiences" (para. 1).
The embodied cognition hypothesis proposes that cognitive functions cannot be entirely
separated from physical embodiment, emphasizing that "our sensorimotor systems play a
constitutive role in shaping the mind" (Main, 2024, para. 1).

Building on this foundation, embodied interaction extends these principles into design practice.
Smith (2013) describes embodied interaction as a method that emphasizes the user's physical
body and sensory experiences as integral to understanding and acting on feedback from digital
systems. By transforming abstract data into meaningful and tangible insights, embodied
interaction fosters deeper engagement with wellness technologies and supports self-awareness.

8

This thesis positions itself at the intersection of interaction design and health informatics,
focusing on how embodied interaction can foster meaningful engagement with biometric data.
By bridging physical and digital environments, the research investigates how design can support
users in recognizing patterns, fostering self-awareness, and encouraging intentional actions to
promote mental wellness.

Designing for mental wellness requires addressing not only technical challenges but also
contextual and experiential factors. For instance, the way biometric feedback is presented and
aligned with a user’s environment—whether physical (e.g., home or workplace) or digital (e.g.,
app interfaces)—significantly influences their ability to engage with and act on the data. This
thesis explores these dynamics through a practice-based methodology emphasizing iterative
design and qualitative evaluation.

The document begins by framing the theoretical foundations and research context, including the
potential of biometric data and embodied interaction in supporting self-awareness. Subsequent
sections detail the design and testing of interactive prototypes, which aim to make real-time
biometric feedback intuitive and actionable. Participant interviews provide insights into how
users perceive and interact with these systems, revealing opportunities for further innovation in
the design of wellness technologies.

By exploring the interplay between embodied interaction, biometric data, and environmental
contexts, this research contributes to a broader understanding of how interaction design can
enhance mental wellness. The findings aim to provide a framework for designing tools that

9

prioritize user autonomy, emotional self-regulation, and a mindful connection to one’s physical
and emotional states.

Framing the Research: Questions, Key Concepts, and
Definitions
This section establishes the foundation of the thesis by presenting the research question,
defining essential terms, and clarifying their relevance within the study. These elements provide
a clear framework for exploring how interaction design influences behavior and mental wellness.

Research Question
This thesis investigates the following central question:​
How does combining physical and digital environments collectively shape and influence actions
and behaviors, and how can symptom diagnosis foster a mindful connection between users and
their senses?
This question addresses two key aspects:
1.​ The relationship between physical and digital environments in shaping user behavior.
2.​ The potential for symptom diagnosis to guide users toward greater mindfulness and
self-awareness.
By focusing on these areas, the research aims to uncover actionable insights that enhance the
connection between biometric data, design, and mental wellness.

10

Key Terms & Definitions
The research relies on several critical terms. The following definitions explain these concepts as
they relate to the thesis:

Biometric Data
Biometric data refers to measurable physical or behavioral traits, such as fingerprints, facial
scans, voice recognition, or heart rate, used for identification or analysis (Innovatrics, n.d.). In
this thesis, biometric data specifically focuses on real-time physiological indicators like heart
rate, temperature, and posture. These data points reflect emotional or mental states and form
the foundation for designing interactive systems that support self-awareness and mindful
behavior. By contextualizing this data through embodied interaction, the research aims to make
these signals more accessible and meaningful for users.

Embodied Interaction
Embodied interaction involves engaging the physical body and senses as integral elements of
interaction with technology. This concept highlights the role of sensory input and physical
engagement in creating intuitive and meaningful experiences (Smith, 2013). In this thesis,
embodied interaction is applied to design systems that encourage users to intuitively connect
with their biometric data. Rather than relying solely on abstract visualizations like graphs, the
research focuses on creating interactions that feel natural and grounded in users’ lived

11

experiences. This approach fosters a mindful relationship between users’ physical states and
emotions.

Quantified Self (QS)
The Quantified Self (QS) movement promotes the use of technology to track and quantify
various aspects of daily life, such as physical activity, sleep, and emotional states, with the goal
of gaining self-knowledge and improving performance (Wikipedia, 2024). This research applies
QS principles to explore how wearable devices and biometric data can enhance self-awareness.
By using these technologies to quantify physiological signals, the thesis examines how
individuals can better understand their behaviors and make intentional adjustments for improved
mental wellness.

Symptom Diagnosis
The process of recognizing patterns or signals in biometric data that reveal physical or
emotional states. This research reinterprets symptom diagnosis as a mindful practice that
empowers users to take intentional actions based on their bodily cues.

Physical and Digital Environments
The spaces and interfaces users engage with, including tangible surroundings like homes or
workplaces and digital tools like apps or wearable interfaces. This thesis explores how these
environments combine to influence user behavior and wellness practices.
12

Understanding the Relationship Between Biometric Data and
Mental Wellness
Biometric data serves as a vital tool for understanding the connection between physical
symptoms and mental wellness (Persiani et. al., 2021). Indicators such as heart rate,
temperature, and posture reflect underlying emotional states, such as stress, calmness, or
fatigue (Kasparian & Badawy, 2022). For example, datasets like EmoWear have demonstrated
how wearable devices can capture physiological and motion data for emotion recognition and
context awareness (Rahmani et al., 2024). However, wearable technologies often present these
signals in abstract formats, leaving users to interpret graphs or numerical data that lack context
or actionable insights.
Embodied interaction offers a pathway to address this disconnect by leveraging the body’s
physical engagement as an integral part of the interaction process (Fernandez et.al, 2023). This
concept is deeply rooted in embodied cognition, which emphasizes that cognitive processes are
inseparable from bodily experiences. Antonio Damasio, a professor of psychology, philosophy,
and neurology, highlights the role of interoception—the internal awareness of bodily states—in
shaping thoughts and emotions: "Our thoughts and our feelings and emotions are not just
influenced by our bodies but [are] actually inconceivable without them. All of our mental activity
is a consequence of body/brain interactions" (Warren & Franke, 2024, para. 8). In design,
embodied interaction extends this principle by integrating physical gestures, postures, or
environmental engagement to make biometric data more relatable and meaningful (Smith,
2013).

13

The potential of wearable devices to capture and interpret physiological data, such as
electrodermal activity (EDA) combined with heart rate (HR), demonstrates the efficacy of such
systems in predicting stress with high accuracy when paired with machine learning models
(NCBI, 2024). While these technologies have proven effective in identifying physiological
responses, there is still a significant gap in how these insights are delivered to users and how
they promote mindfulness or behavioral changes. The American Psychological Association
(2021) highlights that wearable devices have the potential to go beyond tracking to act as tools
for therapy, capturing real-world data about users’ daily experiences and helping individuals
manage symptoms of anxiety or depression.
The relationship between biometric data and mental wellness also depends on the
environments in which these interactions occur. Physical spaces, such as homes or workplaces,
and digital interfaces, such as mobile applications, shape how users perceive and act upon their
biometric feedback. For instance, stress feedback delivered during work hours may prompt
users to take short breaks or adjust their posture, while feedback at home might encourage
mindfulness exercises or relaxation techniques. This interplay between physical and digital
environments forms the foundation for designing systems that integrate contextual relevance
into wellness interventions.
Current systems often prioritize fitness tracking or physical health metrics over emotional or
cognitive wellness. Despite advancements in physiological monitoring, few wearable
technologies effectively contextualize their findings in ways that foster deeper engagement or
promote behavioral shifts (APA, 2021). By addressing these gaps, this research explores how
interaction design can reframe biometric feedback into embodied, actionable insights that align
with users’ lived experiences, empowering them to take intentional steps toward improved
mental wellness.
14

Ethical Considerations
There are important ethical considerations that need to be taken into account when undertaking
this kind of research. For example, talking about issues such as mental well-being and their
emotional state could be uncomfortable for people to engage with. So too, monitoring people
could be seen as impacting on their privacy and could also make people feel uncomfortable.
Realizing this, the use of the Emily Carr University Research Ethics Board (REB) process
helped mitigate some of these ethical concerns. But, these are important issues to consider and
moving forward it would be important for other researchers wanting to pursue similar topics to
carefully consider the ethical implications of this kind of research.

Acknowledging the ethical implications of collecting and responding to biometric data is an
important aspect for this kind of work. The project worked to ensure that participants maintained
full control over when and how data was recorded, and consent was explicitly obtained for every
phase of the research. Future implementations of this design should also look to how to
prioritize user autonomy, privacy, and data transparency, as misinterpretation of biometric cues,
particularly without context, poses a risk for undue anxiety or behavior shifts. In the next section
I outline all the elements I utilized in order to help provide an ethical environment for the
research for this project.

15

Ensuring Ethical Standards in Research
This study adheres to Emily Carr University’s research ethics standards and the principles of
respect for persons, concern for welfare, and justice:

1.​ Ethics Board Approval:
The project was reviewed and approved by the ECU Research Ethics Board. Participants
were informed of the Ethics Board’s contact (ethics@ecuad.ca) should any concerns
arise.

2.​ Informed Consent & Voluntariness:
Clear Information: Every participant received a detailed consent form outlining study
objectives, procedures (one-week diary + 30 min interview), benefits (e.g., gift card), and
any potential risks.

Voluntary Participation: Participation is entirely voluntary; participants may skip questions
or withdraw at any time, with the option to have their data removed up to one month after
consenting .

3.​ Privacy, Confidentiality & Anonymity:
Anonymized Data Collection: Diary entries are submitted without names or identifiers;
interview notes omit identifying details.

16

Limited Use of Contact Information: Email / IDs are used solely to schedule sessions and
are not linked to research data.

Secure Storage: All data are stored on a password-protected ECU OneDrive for one
year, after which they are permanently deleted. Access is restricted to the principal
investigator and supervisor .

4.​ Minimizing Harm & Supporting Well-Being:
Emotional Safety: Reflective questions may evoke personal emotions; participants can
skip any prompt they find uncomfortable.

Support & Debriefing: Researchers provide debriefing and can refer participants to
counseling or other support services if needed.

5.​ Data Use & Publication:
Transparent Dissemination: Findings may appear in the thesis, journals, or
conferences—but individual participants will never be identifiable.

Participant Access: Participants may request a summary of results or a copy of the final
thesis.

6.​ Autonomy & Control in Design:
In prototype interactions, users retain full control over when monitoring sessions start or
stop and what biometric signals they share, reinforcing respect for personal agency.
17

User Research Insights and Findings
1.1 Autoethnography
Day 1 – July 21st
Steps total: 7032
Feelings:
●​ Excited - Traveling to a new place, anticipation after planning the trip for nearly a month.
●​ Nervous and Anxious -Flight delay; repeatedly checking on flight updates; crowded and
chaotic Seattle airport.
●​ Relief - Finally boarding the plane.

Diary:
My friend and I met at the YVR Airport and were very excited about this trip since we'd been
planning it for nearly a month. We were a little concerned about the defective software update
from CrowdStrike, which disrupted IT systems two days ago, but since checking in and passing
through customs went smoothly, we felt the issue might have been resolved.

Things got worse when we transferred at the Seattle airport. We were happily waiting for our
scheduled flight, but it kept getting delayed. With nothing to do besides wandering around the
airport shops and restaurants, I found myself constantly checking my phone for new
notifications or updates, feeling my anxiety rise with each check. After spending hours in the
crowded airport, we noticed more and more passengers were also experiencing flight issues,
making the airport feel even more chaotic. I eventually fell asleep for about an hour while
18

waiting, exhausted from the steps I'd taken and running on only a few hours of sleep due to
excitement.

After nearly 10 hours of waiting, my friend and I finally boarded the plane around 8:30 pm.
When we finally got on the plane, I felt immediate relief from the stress. Reflecting back on this
event, I realized how clearly my physical sensations, like the tension in my shoulders and
restlessness, were influenced by both the physical environment of the crowded airport and the
uncertainty caused by digital disruptions.

Day 2 – July 22nd
Steps total: 6670
Feelings:
●​ Nervous - Flight delay.
●​ Excited - New place.
●​ Shocked - Airport facilities.
●​ Happy - People loved my dish.

Diary:
When I finally arrived at Kona airport, on the Big Island of Hawaii, it was 1 am. I sent a message
to the person in charge of our originally scheduled retreat, explaining the delays and that it
might be too late to head there directly. They still offered to pick us up, but considering it was
already late and we still needed to pick up our rental car the next day near the airport, we
decided to postpone our retreat arrival. From this event, I noticed that despite my exhaustion
from the delays and late hour, my anxiety began to ease once we made this practical decision.
19

The Kona airport surprised me as it was open-air and publicly accessible, including the luggage
pickup area. While waiting for our luggage, we quickly booked a nearby hotel to make the next
day's rental car pickup easier. We took a taxi and finally rested at around 2 am. I noticed a
strong connection between the minimal sleep I got due to the late arrival and my physical state
the next morning—I felt tired but motivated to explore, driven by excitement.

When we woke up we walked about 10 minutes to grab brunch (avocado toast). We ate at the
patio, where we could watch pedestrians walking up and down the road on the street and cars
coming and going. After brunch, we took a leisurely 15-minute walk to the nearby beach. People
around us appeared relaxed, some even reading books by the shore. The water was
remarkably clear, letting us see colorful fish swimming near the shore. From this experience, I
noticed how the calming beach environment and my increased physical activity significantly
boosted my mood, helping offset my earlier fatigue.

We stayed for an hour before returning to the hotel around 1 pm to pick up our luggage and
collect our rental car. Then we headed toward the retreat, stopping briefly to purchase groceries
and supplies, aware the retreat was in a rural area far from supermarkets.

We finally arrived at the retreat gate at 3:51 pm. After parking, our host kindly helped carry our
luggage upstairs and gave us a tour of the retreat facilities. That night, I made borscht. At 7:10
pm, we enjoyed dinner in the shared kitchen with an Australian couple. Everyone praised my
dish, which made me very happy. The gentleman kindly helped with the dishes, and then we

20

went to bed early. I noticed going to bed earlier significantly improved my sense of well-being
and relaxation, contrasting sharply with my stressful experience the previous night.

Day 3 – July 23rd
Steps total: 4084
Feelings:
●​ Nervous - Unexpected participation request.
●​ Excited - New activities (bakery, chocolate tasting).
●​ Calm - Cutting ginger roots.
●​ Fun - Baking with others.
●​ Awe - Seeing the Milky Way.

Diary:
We woke up early and cooked our own breakfast at the retreat. After breakfast, we were
unexpectedly asked to participate in a program that involved cutting ginger roots with a
machete while releasing negative feelings. From this activity, I noticed a calming effect on my
mind and body as I physically smashed ginger roots, allowing me to release negative energy
and tension.

Around 11:30 am we went out to grab lunch. We grabbed local food – poke and walked around
the area. We found a local chocolate store and joined chocolate tasting. It was my first time
doing chocolate tasting and I felt excited. Afterward, we visited a café with live guitar music.
From this event, I noticed how strongly my mood and physical relaxation were positively
influenced by the soothing environment and gentle music.
21

In the afternoon, we returned to volunteer at the retreat. We filmed clips and participated in
making sourdough bread. It was enjoyable to bake alongside others. I observed that physically
engaging with baking and interacting with others created a strong sense of community,
enhancing my emotional well-being.

After the 2 hours of volunteer work, we drove to the beach and enjoyed the sunset. We
decided not to swim due to strong currents. Afterward, we grabbed food and headed back to
the retreat, arriving around 9 pm. The clear night sky revealed the Milky Way, leaving us
amazed. Seeing the stars vividly reminded me of the profound effects a calm, natural
environment can have on my mental and emotional state. We quietly went to bed to avoid
disturbing others who were already asleep.

Day 4 – July 24th
Steps total: 3623
Feeling:
●​ Surprised - Waking up naturally early.
●​ Annoyed - Unexpected land work and retreat rules.
●​ Calm - Removing weeds.
●​ Pleased - Playing fetch with the dog Snoopy.
●​ Controversial - Deciding to leave the retreat.
●​ Excited and Relieved - Moving to new accommodation.

22

Diary:
I woke up naturally early, which surprised me, but it felt logical considering the eventful day prior
and the alignment with natural cycles. I noticed how my body's internal clock adjusted naturally,
reflecting improved restfulness and alignment with my surroundings. The dog Snoopy invited
me to play fetch, which made me pleased. We started our volunteer work by filming clips of
baking sourdough. Then the host asked us to do land work, specifically removing weeds for an
hour. Despite feeling initially annoyed by the unexpected request, I found that physically
removing weeds gradually introduced a sense of calm and relaxation.

After finishing weed removal, we continued filming environmental clips around the
retreat—avocado trees, pomelos, and tropical plants. We enjoyed freshly baked sourdough
afterward. Later, the host spoke to us about following specific quiet hours and volunteer working
hours, which had never been clearly communicated. My friend and I felt upset and discussed
privately, deciding to leave the retreat as these unexpected rules created tension. Once we
made the decision to leave, my earlier feelings of annoyance and discomfort shifted noticeably
towards emotional relief.

We informed our host around noon, and although he proposed an alternative, we gratefully
declined. The conversation made me emotional, and I cried, but leaving felt right emotionally. I
noticed a sense of emotional clarity and relief after expressing my feelings. We reached our new
accommodation around 7:30 pm. The new place was cozy with perfect facilities, even offering
beach gear. Upon arrival, my excitement was physically evident through increased energy and a
noticeable improvement in mood. It was a long day filled with many emotions, so we went to

23

bed early. As we settled into an early sleep, I recognized a sense of deep emotional and
physical recovery from the day's ups and downs.

Day 5 – July 25th
Steps total: 2696
Feeling:
●​ Excited - Snorkeling activity anticipation.
●​ Embarrassed - Struggling with snorkeling; injury.
●​ Calm and Connected - Wearing plumeria flowers; comfortable swimming area.
●​ Heartwarming - Host's generosity with mangoes.

Diary:
After making a simple breakfast, we picked a few plumeria flowers from the tree in our yard and
wore them in our hair. This making me feel closer to the land and giving me a sense of
confidence. Perhaps seeing many others wearing similar flowers contributed to my sense of
belonging and comfort in this new environment. Dressed in our swimsuits, we gathered beach
essentials and snorkeling gear before driving to a nearby beach park. At the beach, we noticed
kids snorkeling effortlessly in shallow waters and people doing yoga on kayaks, creating an
inviting atmosphere. A tall lifeguard tower monitored the area, making it feel safe. Seeing how
enjoyable snorkeling appeared, we eagerly decided to give it a try. However, my excitement
turned into embarrassment when I struggled with the waves and fins, ultimately getting knocked
down by a wave and scraping my knees. From this incident, I realized how my physical
limitations and unfamiliarity with ocean conditions directly influenced my emotional response. I
24

also became aware of how heightened physical sensations—such as an increased heart rate
and rapid breathing—were clear indicators of my anxiety and embarrassment in the water.
I then moved to a calmer snorkeling spot suitable for toddlers, the same beach we first visited
upon arriving in Hawaii. Here, I comfortably enjoyed swimming and felt more at ease, spending
the entire morning and part of the afternoon before heading back. In this calmer environment, I
noticed my breathing became slower and deeper, reflecting increased relaxation and emotional
comfort. Reflecting on this, I noticed how choosing an environment aligned with my abilities and
comfort level significantly impacted my overall enjoyment and confidence. I also noticed that my
mind is more clear, which could be because my sleep quality is improving; even though the
steps walked are fewer today, the intense water activities we did might help me sleep better.
That evening, returning to our accommodation, we recalled noticing mangoes scattered in the
yard while picking flowers earlier. Curious, we asked the host if the mangoes were edible or for
purchase. Our host warmly surprised us by gifting two perfectly ripe mangoes. I felt deeply
touched by the host's generosity and realized how small acts of kindness could greatly enhance
my emotional well-being and sense of belonging.

Day 6 – July 26th
Steps total: 7324
Feeling:
●​ Excited (Night manta snorkel)
●​ Scared (Night manta snorkel)
●​ Harmony (green geckos at the cafe)
25

Diary:
On July 26th, we decided to drive about 30 minutes to a brunch café and then continue along a
road leading to the southernmost point of the USA. When we arrived at the brunch spot, there
was a small line, but we were excited because the reviews were amazing. Once seated, we
found the atmosphere to be fantastic. We sat at a corner table near a fence where the
restaurant staff placed small bits of jam for tiny, colorful green geckos to eat. Watching them
lick the jam while I enjoyed my meal gave me a sense of harmony between myself and nature.
I noticed my breathing slow slightly as I relaxed, a subtle physical sign of my growing calm. In
the distance, I could see the Hawaiian coastline, where the sea and sky seemed to merge into
one, both appearing in an endless shade of blue.

After brunch, we stopped at a roadside fruit shop that sold cacao and other exotic tropical
fruits. We bought some uncommon fruits to try later in the evening. We also passed by an
unattended, self-service bakery. The bakery was set up on the roadside, allowing people to
stop, pick out what they wanted, calculate the price, and drop the money into a cash box. After
tasting the bread, we realized that it had a mochi-like texture - the bread was chewy and
sticky, something we really enjoyed. Many of the pastries incorporated fruits, resulting in a
unique chewy and fruity combination that we hadn’t encountered elsewhere, making it feel like
a special discovery.

Continuing along the road, we stopped at a small farm where we saw macaws, turkeys, ducks,
and other animals freely roaming around. The farm also sold local coffee, so we purchased
some before continuing our journey. After driving another 10–20 minutes, we finally arrived at
26

the southernmost point of the USA. The view was breathtaking—sheer coastal cliffs
overlooking the ocean. There was a well-known cliff diving spot, but due to the dry season, the
rope used to climb back up was about 10 meters above the water, making it impossible to
return after jumping. We stayed for a while, taking in the spectacular scenery before heading
back. I felt my pulse quicken once I walked closer to the cliffs, especially with the strong winds
that day. I worried I might fall—intensifying my mix of fear and awe at the sheer drop.

On our drive back, we passed large wind turbines, likely part of a wind energy project.
Eventually, we returned to a village center where we watched the sunset. The sky turned deep
orange and red, resembling a fiery glow, which was quite different from Vancouver’s pink-hued
sunsets. Observing the vivid colors, I felt a gentle release of tension in my body, a sign of how
deeply the natural environment affected my mood. After watching the sunset, we strolled along
the roadside, exploring small shops before heading to dinner. We tried local Hawaiian poke
and a traditional meat dumpling wrapped in leaves. The staff also strongly recommended we
try a drink called ‘Ava’ (Kava), a traditional Polynesian and Hawaiian beverage made from the
root of the kava plant. Consumed for centuries for its medicinal qualities, kava is known to
alleviate anxiety and promote relaxation and mental clarity. Since we had booked a late-night
manta ray snorkeling tour, they thought it would help us unwind beforehand. After drinking it,
we did feel much calmer. I sensed a slower heartbeat and less tension in my shoulders,
confirming the soothing effect.

By 11 PM, we arrived at the meeting point for the manta ray snorkeling tour. Along with a
group of people, we boarded a boat and set off. Each person had a handle to hold onto,
attached to a large floating structure with built-in lights. The lights illuminated the water,
27

allowing us to clearly see the manta rays as they fed on plankton. I noticed a surge of
excitement and a hint of fear, reflected in my elevated breathing rate, as these enormous
creatures approached. The massive creatures swam in circles right in front of us, their mouths
wide open as they gracefully glided through the water. At the same time, vibrant fish swam
around, adding to the incredible experience. We spent about 30 minutes watching them before
heading back, deeply moved by the experience of witnessing these majestic creatures up
close.

When we returned, I felt extremely sleepy, almost forcing myself to shower. The combination
of walking over 7,000 steps, strong emotional highs, and physical exertion left me exhausted,
likely burned a large amount of calories.

Day 7 – July 27th
Steps total: 7094
Feeling:
●​ Amazement – Driving through the volcanic region with black lava landscapes and misty
tropical plants.
●​ Excitement – Exploring Hilo Public Market and discovering unique local foods like
mashed purple sweet potatoes in poke.
●​ Disappointment – Finding the waves too strong for swimming and deciding not to go in
the water.
●​ Calmness – Watching the sea turtles swim peacefully.
●​ Satisfaction – Ending the day by tasting the crisp and sweet white persimmons.

28

Diary:
We slept in a little longer in the morning and had a quick bite to eat before heading to Hilo. I
noticed that sleeping in gave me a renewed sense of energy, suggesting my body needed extra
rest after the previous day’s activities. Hilo is located on the northeastern side of the island, and
it took us over an hour to drive there from where we were staying. The route passed through the
volcanic region of Hawaii, meaning the highway cut directly across the volcanic landscape.

Since I had never been to a volcanic area before, I wasn’t very familiar with the terrain.
Driving through it was quite a stunning experience—on both sides of the highway, there were
vast stretches of black, soil-like material and landscapes shaped by solidified lava. My
heartbeat seemed to pick up slightly as I took in these otherworldly views, a physical
reflection of my amazement. As we continued driving, we encountered patches of mist, and
within the mist, there were tropical plants with vine-like structures that looked unfamiliar to
me. It felt as if we had entered a magical world.

When we arrived in Hilo, we managed to get to the Hilo Public Market just before it closed.
We walked around the market, bought some souvenirs, and picked up some fruits since the
prices were relatively cheap. After exploring the market, we had lunch at a nearby poke
restaurant. This place was unique because their poke bowls came with mashed purple sweet
potatoes, which seem to be a popular food in Hawaii. After lunch, we drove to a local beach
that seemed to be a popular spot for Hilo residents to go swimming. However, when we
arrived at the first beach, we found that the waves were too strong for safe swimming for us,
so we looked for another nearby spot. In the end, I chose not to swim at any of the beaches
that day because, as someone who isn’t a strong swimmer, I didn’t feel entirely safe in the
29

water. I noticed my shoulders tense briefly at the sight of the strong waves, a clear sign of my
apprehension.

Despite that, we had a lucky encounter - we found a large tide pool that was connected to the
ocean and spotted two sea turtles swimming freely. They moved leisurely through the water,
occasionally nibbling on seaweed. Watching them felt incredibly calming, as if they carried a
peaceful energy that naturally put me at ease. I felt my breathing slow down, mirroring the
turtles’ serene movements, reinforcing my calmness. We stayed there for a while, and by the
time we left, it was around 6:30 or 7:00 PM, just as the sky was starting to darken. On our way
back, we stopped by a coffee shop and a supermarket in Hilo to pick up some groceries so
we could cook at our place later. That night, we finally tried the white persimmons we had
bought a few days earlier. Their texture was quite interesting—crisp, yet sweet, with a pale
yellow interior that resembled the color of star fruit. Tasting them brought a sense of delight
and satisfaction. By the end of the day, I felt pleasantly tired from walking over 7,000 steps
and absorbing so many new sights, which seemed to contribute to a deeper feeling of overall
contentment.

Day 8 – July 28th
Steps total: 10426
Feeling:
●​ Fear – Jumping into the ocean from the boat for snorkeling.
●​ Reassurance – The instructor guiding me on how to stay afloat safely.
●​ Amazement – Seeing the vibrant underwater world with colorful corals, fish, and sea
urchins.
30

●​ Gratitude – Receiving kindness from our host, who shared mangoes with us, and gifting a
pineapple in return.
●​ Contentment – Enjoying our last dinner with poke, tacos, and live music before heading
to the airport.

Diary:
The morning of the 28th marked the last day of our trip. I noticed a flutter of nervous energy in
my chest, reflecting both excitement and residual fear from my previous snorkeling experiences.
We woke up early because we had booked an 8 AM boat snorkeling tour. The boat ride to the
snorkeling site took about 15–20 minutes. I was still a bit scared of jumping into the ocean from
the boat, so I initially planned to wear both float sleeves and a life vest. However, the boat
instructor noticed this and told me that wearing both would create too much buoyancy. He
suggested that I only wear one. Seeing my hesitation, he asked me what I was afraid of, and I
admitted that I had a fear of the ocean. Understanding my concern, he reassured me and
suggested I wear just the life vest and hold onto a pool noodle for extra support, ensuring that I
would have enough buoyancy.

Encouraged by his words, I decided to be brave and give it a try. As soon as I entered the water,
I felt an initial jolt of adrenaline,*a sign of my lingering fear. However, I soon felt safe floating in
the water, which gradually helped me overcome my fear. As someone who doesn’t know how to
swim, this was a big step forward for me.

The water was incredibly clear, allowing me to see the coral reef below. The corals came in
various shapes and colors—some were bright yellow and full, resembling cauliflower, while
31

others were a deeper yellow with a more compact structure. Among the corals, I spotted a
variety of fish, including vibrant yellow and blue ones, as well as clownfish like Nemo. I also saw
purple sea urchins with spiky bodies. The underwater world felt mysterious and fascinating, with
countless fish swimming around freely. As I continued snorkeling,I noticed my breathing become
steadier and my heart rate slowed, signs that my fear of the ocean was fading. By the end of the
session, I felt confident enough to let go of the noodle and just wear the life vest. We stayed in
the water until around 10:30 AM before heading back to the dock. After returning, we had
breakfast, packed our belongings, and checked out of our accommodation. Before leaving, we
gave our host a pineapple as a token of appreciation, as he had kindly shared mangoes with us
for the past two days. This simple act of exchange made me reflect on the kindness and
generosity between people, and I truly valued this warm and friendly interaction.

After checking out, we went to a local coffee shop, had a light meal, and tried Hawaiian
purple sweet potato coffee. Later, we visited a gift shop and bought some special Hawaiian
tanning toys. Since we still had time before our flight, we wandered around the area near the
airport for a final stroll. For dinner, we went to a well-rated local restaurant, where we enjoyed
poke, tacos, and a refreshing pineapple drink. As we ate, we listened to live music performed
by a local singer, making for a perfect ending to our trip.

At around 8:30 PM, we arrived at the airport. However, before checking in, we had a small
mishap—our luggage exceeded the weight limit, and we only had one checked baggage
allowance. As a result, we had to open our suitcases at the check-in counter and rearrange our
belongings, transferring some items into our carry-ons to free up space. Though this process
took a bit of time, the check-in staff was incredibly kind and did not ask us to rejoin the line.
32

Instead, they patiently helped us sort out our luggage, and once everything was within the
weight limit, they processed our check-in smoothly. With everything settled, we boarded
our flight to Seattle. Even though I slept for a few hours on the plane, I still felt tired after
arriving home, likely due to having walked the highest number of steps on this day.

1.2 Autoethnography Analysis
In the context of my thesis on leveraging real-time biometric signals to enhance mental health
and self-awareness, my journey through Hawaii—recorded in Day 1–8 diaries—offered a
practical setting for a holistic autoethnography. I systematically noted biometric data such as
steps taken, sleep quality, and emotional responses, alongside the varied physical
environments I inhabited. This approach proved fundamental in uncovering how environmental
factors and digital disruptions intertwined with mental well-being.

Physical and Digital Environments
From the outset, digital uncertainties played a significant role in shaping my experiences. For
example, on Day 1, the flight delay caused by a defective software update heightened my
anxiety—an observation underscored by tense shoulders and restlessness while constantly
checking my phone for updates. In contrast, the natural scenery of Hawaii (Days 2–5) brought
moments of ease, with beaches and open-air settings promoting calmer breathing patterns and
a sense of well-being. I noticed that physically engaging in activities—such as cutting ginger
roots or baking sourdough—further reduced my stress levels, reflecting a shift away from
digitally induced anxiety to more embodied, present-focused tasks.
33

Influence on Sleep and Biometric Cues
A recurring theme in my diaries was how environmental cues influenced my circadian rhythms
and sleep. On Day 4, I woke up earlier than usual, aligning more closely with natural cycles,
while on Day 5, the combination of fewer steps but increased water activity (snorkeling)
contributed to better sleep quality. Similarly, on Day 8, even though I rested for a few hours on
the plane home, the particularly high step count left me feeling physically tired afterward—an
instructive reminder that raw step data alone does not fully capture fatigue if emotional highs,
fear responses, and adrenaline (as when snorkelling at night) are also factors.

Communal and Natural Elements
Though part of my stay involved a retreat with communal living guidelines, I ultimately left (Day
4) due to unexpected rules and schedules. Nonetheless, experiencing different communal
settings and interacting with various people revealed how shared daily patterns can foster
aligned sleep-wake cycles and collective mindfulness. Meanwhile, close encounters with
nature—such as watching sea turtles on Day 7 or manta rays at night on Day 6—led to
measurable physical relaxation (slowed heart rate, calmer breathing) and heightened emotional
well-being.

Enhancing Mental Health Through Design
These experiences reinforce the potential for intentional modifications of physical and digital
environments to support mental health. Daily diaries showed that exchanging stressful digital
inputs (like constant phone-checking) for embodied engagement (weeding, snorkeling, cutting
ginger roots, or connecting with wildlife) improved my emotional state and reduced anxiety. In
34

many instances, I observed direct correlations between my biometric indicators (heart rate,
breathing patterns, tension in shoulders) and the immediate environment—whether it was a
bustling airport terminal, a peaceful tide pool, or a rural farm.

Implications for Biometric-Driven Interventions
By systematically capturing these biometric and environmental data points, I gained insights into
how specific design interventions might nurture mental wellness. Specifically, from my own
experiences, I realized that emphasizing nature-oriented settings, encouraging mindful physical
tasks, and reducing or reframing digital stressors (e.g., phone notifications) might be able to
create a more balanced, health-supportive system. For instance, when my schedule aligned
with natural cycles—going to bed earlier or waking up with sunrise—I noticed deeper rest and
clearer mental focus the following day.

Conclusion of Autoethnographic Study
Through this autoethnographic lens, it becomes evident that mindful adjustments to both
physical spaces and digital behaviours can significantly influence mental well-being. My
day-to-day observations revealed a nuanced interplay between biometric signals (e.g., step
counts, heart rate changes) and emotional states, driven by environmental contexts such as
crowded airports, oceanic adventures, and communal living constraints. These findings lend
credence to the broader thesis that a blend of real-time biometric tracking and thoughtful
environmental design can meaningfully enhance self-awareness and mental health. By ensuring
that human-centric technologies and natural environments mutually reinforce positive habits, we
can begin to create more intuitive, well-balanced ecosystems for everyday life.

35

2. Open studio insight gathering

Figure 1. Open Studio Insight Gathering on Wearable Technology

During the open studio session, I introduced my research concept focused on the interaction
between wearable technology and emotional well-being. I posed two questions to the audience
regarding their experiences with wearable devices and their awareness of potential relationships
between biometric data and emotional states (refer to Figure 1). The main response showed
that while people understand how biometrics, like heart rate and sleep, are used to track
physical health, many were unsure about how these measures could reflect changes in their
emotions. This uncertainty about linking physical data to feelings became a key topic of the
session.

36

This new understanding led participants to reflect deeply. They considered how their daily
actions and the corresponding biometric data might affect their emotional health. For instance,
one attendee noted that they often exercise when feeling anxious, a behavior they hadn’t
consciously linked to their emotional state until the session. This insight sparked interest in how
wearable technology could offer more deliberate insights into such patterns, possibly helping
them manage their emotional responses more proactively.

A recurring critique centered on the temporal misalignment of device-generated
recommendations. Multiple participants described dismissing notifications during work-related
tasks due to perceived incompatibility with situational demands. This feedback highlights
systemic limitations in current intervention strategies, particularly their failure to adapt to users’
dynamic cognitive loads and environmental contexts.

These observations collectively underscore opportunities for redesigning feedback mechanisms.
Potential improvements include implementing delayed analysis during low-intensity periods and
integrating ambient environmental adjustments—approaches that align with embodied
interaction principles prioritizing contextual sensitivity over intrusive alerts.

3.1 Participant Research Activity Details
To explore the relationship between emotional well-being and productivity further, I conducted a
research activity involving six participants, inspired by methodologies similar to those used by
Grassi (2024). Grassi's research has demonstrated the significant impact that awareness of
one's own and others' emotional states can have on productivity and well-being in professional
37

environments (Grassi, 2024). Building on this foundation, participants in my study were asked to
complete a one-week diary study to record their emotions, biometric data, and observations,
followed by an interview to discuss their experiences. This approach aligns with Grassi’s
emphasis on the benefits of self-monitoring of emotional and stress states to enhance personal
and professional outcomes.

Figure 2. Participant’s diary study form

The research activities included daily diary entries and a follow-up interview conducted one
week after the diary submission. This method was designed to capture both self-reported
emotions and physiological responses, enabling a detailed analysis of the interplay between
these factors. The diary form, as shown in Figure 2, was divided into two sections: the top
38

section for recording emotional flows and the bottom for biometric data records. This
dual-faceted approach is based on the premise that integrating self-reported emotions with
biometric data can provide a comprehensive overview of an individual's emotional landscape
throughout the day. This is similar to the visualization tool utilized by Grassi (2024) in her
studies with software developers.
After the data collection phase, the recorded emotions and biometric data were compared
across the same time slots to identify patterns and correlations, following Grassi's (2024)
methodology for enhancing emotional awareness through technological tools. This comparison
aimed to uncover insights into how biometric indicators and self-reported emotions interact,
potentially affecting an individual's productivity and well-being.

3.2 Trends in Biometric Feedback Interpretation
Based on all the participants' interviews after the 7-day diary log session, they mentioned that
this research activity helped them actively pay attention to their biometric data. They tended to
be more mindful of their mental wellness and had started to self-monitor how their biometric
data reveals messages about their feelings. During the interviews, as we reviewed their diary
study forms day by day, we began to notice trends between heart rates and emotions.

39

Figure 3. Heart Rate graph in beats per minute (BPM) for the person who does not engage in regular
workouts

Figure 3 shows the heart rate data (in beats per minute, BPM) for a participant who does not
engage in regular exercise. This graph appears mostly steady, with noticeable spikes whenever
the participant undertakes even mild physical activity or experiences strong emotions.
Participants in this group observed that when their heart rate suddenly increased, they were
often in a notably positive mood such as feeling excited or energetic, or they were feeling
anxious or angry. A closer look at daily diary entries confirmed that emotional peaks, especially
anxiety, frequently coincided with a distinct rise in hourly heart rate.

40

Figure 4. Heart Rate graph in beats per minute (BPM) for the person who engages in regular workouts

Figure 4 presents the heart rate data for a participant who works out regularly. Here, the overall
baseline heart rate is higher, and the daily BPM range is broader because of workout sessions
and improved cardio fitness. As a result, distinguishing emotional fluctuations from purely
physical exertion is more difficult. Based on diary and interview responses, it appears that
external factors, particularly noise, strongly influenced emotional responses in this group. Since
their heart rate was elevated more frequently by exercise, participants highlighted how important
it was to connect heart rate readings to contextual details, such as the time of day or specific
stress triggers, in order to interpret changes in mood accurately.

41

3.3 Influence of Physical and Digital Spaces on User Engagement
Participants mentioned that their close friends or partners influence their emotions, as well as
the progress of events or activities. If one needs to chase a deadline, the person can seem to
be good but internally they would be anxious. However, the uncontrollable external factors could
worsen the anxiety and lead to more emotion drops. If they were at home, they usually exhibited
a calmer heart rate, as they were already in their preferred resting place. Home settings are
preset to their preference, and can be adjusted anytime. There are situations where people do
feel uncomfortable but was not sure what to change to make the space more suitable, and this
is the opportunity space for a smart assistantship.
Furthermore, one participant highlighted a routine habit of morning coffee consumption, which
noticeably altered their heart rate. Caffeine acts as a powerful external influence, energizing
participants and enhancing productivity, yet it also has the potential to skew emotional
perceptions.

3.4 Research Activity Feedback
All participants wore their wearable devices more often than usual during this 7-day period.
They expressed that they found this activity insightful, especially when they reviewed their data
with me during the interview sessions. They all discovered some personal emotional trends.
Several participants felt that this activity itself is a mindful practice, particularly for those who
chose to complete the entire form all at once at night, viewing it as more of a self-reflection
journey.

42

Design concept

Figure 5. Concept system explanation

Drawing on all of these various data sources: my autoethnography, my studio work, and the
participant research – I then began to think through what designed outcome might best be able
to provide a mechanism to bring these various insights together. In this next section I present
my initial design.

As shown in Figure 5, the process begins with collecting biometric data from input devices such
as smartwatches, smartphones, and fitness trackers. This data is then analyzed to identify
influential factors affecting the user’s well-being. The system determines whether the detected
factors are linked to adjustable external environmental conditions. This step is essential as if it is
in a controllable environment such as home, and one or some factor is causing the emotional
turbulence, the designed system will then suggest an adjustment on the affecting factors (such
as adjusting thermostats) to improve the overall feeling. If it is non-adjustable such as it is in a
public space, then the designed system will provide some simple suggestions (such as mindful
practices like taking deep breaths) that will improve the overall feeling. The principle ensures the
43

system provides adaptable and context-sensitive interventions. By integrating both physical
surroundings and digital interactions into the user experience.

Instead of presenting numerical data straight to users, the system processes real-time biometric
signals and provides responses that help users develop a stronger awareness of their own
physiological states. Not only that, it helps suggest appropriate adjustments to better support
mental well-being. This approach shifts away from passive data collection and emphasizes
meaningful interaction with personal information.

Design Outputs

Figure 6. Mobile application mockups

To embody the system described above, a mobile application prototype was created (Figure 6).
The prototype has five main features, each accessible from a centralized home screen:

44

1.​ Daily Mood Overview​
At the top of the home screen, the application displays a simple calendar-based
visualization of the user’s moods over time. Each day is color-coded or labeled with a
concise emotional marker (e.g., calm, stressed, anxious). This quick overview helps
users observe their longer-term patterns, rather than focusing solely on momentary data.​

2.​ Eye-Tracking & Smart Assistant Toggle​
Below the mood overview is a switch that allows users to turn on “monitoring sessions.”
Once toggled on—and with user permission—the application integrates with a device’s
camera and biometric sensors (e.g., heart rate monitor). A built-in assistant then looks for
emotional or physiological changes that correlate with the user’s on-screen content. For
example, if the user’s heart rate spikes while scrolling through certain emails or news
feeds, the assistant can gently prompt them to pause and take a break.​

3.​ Emotional Entry & Log​
Users can capture their current emotional state manually or let the smart assistant
generate entries automatically during an active monitoring session. The logs blend
self-reported feelings with sensor data to add context; for instance, an entry might note
“increased heart rate detected” alongside a user-tagged emotion of “anxiety” or
“frustration.”​

4.​ Posture & Movement Reminders​
A separate interface tracks real-time posture or movement data if allowed by the user’s
wearable or smartphone sensors (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope). When it detects
45

slouching, extended inactivity, or other risk factors (like staring at a screen for too long),
the system issues a polite notification. This feature aims to mitigate discomfort and
potential emotional tension by encouraging small corrective actions—such as sitting
upright or taking a brief walk.​

5.​ Smart Home Controls​
For users in an environment with adjustable features (e.g., connected lighting,
thermostats, speakers), a simple interface provides quick access to those settings. The
system might recommend dimming lights if the user’s heart rate remains elevated in the
evening or suggest soothing background music if data indicates ongoing stress. If the
user grants permission, these adjustments can be triggered automatically based on
biometric inputs (e.g., lowering room temperature when the user’s heart rate suggests
discomfort).

46

Additional Prototype Demonstration

Figure 7. Touch designer interactive prototype screenshot

To further illustrate how eye-tracking can inform real-time notifications, a TouchDesigner
prototype (Figure 7) was developed. This piece demonstrates how subtle physiological or
behavioral cues—such as lingering eye focus on a specific application window—can
automatically trigger context-sensitive messages. For instance, if the system detects a user’s
prolonged gaze on a high-stress email thread or news article, it may display a gentle notification
suggesting a brief visual break (e.g., looking away, closing the stressful content, or transitioning
to a more calming activity).

Through this prototype, the goal is to highlight how new interaction modalities (like eye-tracking)
can be integrated into an ambient notification system that remains both supportive and
47

non-intrusive. The user remains in control: the application only monitors and responds to eye
movement with explicit permission, aligning with privacy considerations while enriching the
system’s capacity to identify potential stressors in real time.

Contributions and Future Applications
My research studied both external and internal factors that might cause emotional flow. Based
on different situations, my design concept will output suggestions to best fit. Tracking various
biometric data will provide a more accurate analysis that people may not have explored before.
Ethically, the design system will offer options for users to choose when to start giving permission
for the design to extract their data for monitoring.

It will also benefit people who are actively monitoring their body and psychological health by
making the monitoring process more accessible. For instance, someone experiencing increased
stress might notice patterns in their heart rate and sleep quality data, prompting them to seek
professional advice. They can then present this data to psychologists or counseling services,
facilitating more informed discussions and targeted treatment plans based on their specific
biometric trends.

Our perceptions of well-being can sometimes be deceptive, as our bodies convey more
objective information through biometric markers. As Blanchflower and Bryson (2022) highlight,
48

research suggests that biometric markers of well-being, when used alongside self-reported
measures, provide a more reliable assessment because 'self-reports of wellbeing can be
unreliable' (p. 9), referencing earlier studies (Shedler et al., 1993; Johnston et al., 2009;
Lauderdale & Rathouz, 2003). The research undertaken in this thesis has shown how people
could enhance individuals' ability to monitor their own well-being effectively. My design
combines quantified self-study with biometric data analysis and I think there are more options
available to us in terms of using this approach moving forward to study our own bodies as still
we seem to know very little about how they work.

Limitations
Sample Size and Participant Diversity
The participant studies in this thesis involved a small cohort and lacked broad demographic
representation. As a result, findings may not generalize across different ages, cultural
backgrounds, or levels of tech-savviness. Future research should recruit larger and more
diverse samples to validate the robustness of the interaction concepts.

Biometric Data Scope
This work focused primarily on heart rate and step count, offering a narrow view of users’
physiological states. Incorporating additional signals—such as skin conductance, respiration
rate, and sleep metrics—would enable richer correlations between bodily responses and
emotional well-being.
49

Technical Implementation Constraints
As a designer without formal computer-science training, prototype development relied on
third-party tools and simplified models. Ensuring reliable real-time data processing, seamless
device interoperability, and accurate AI-driven pattern recognition will require close collaboration
with software engineers and data scientists.

Study Duration and Longitudinal Insights
Data collection was limited to a one-week diary study and short autoethnography. Longitudinal
research over several months is necessary to determine whether users sustain new habits, how
self-reported emotional logs evolve, and if biometric–emotion mappings remain consistent over
time.

Reliability of Self-Report Measures
While diary entries provide valuable contextual insights, self-report diaries can sometimes be
unreliable due to recall bias, social desirability effects, or inconsistent logging habits. Future
studies should complement self-reports with passive sensing or ecological momentary
assessment to improve data accuracy.

50

Contextual and Environmental Variability
Biometric signals and emotional states are highly sensitive to context—ambient noise, social
interactions, and daily routines can all influence outcomes. Future iterations should integrate
richer environmental sensing (e.g., geolocation, ambient sound levels) and adaptive
machine-learning models capable of interpreting these contextual variables.

Conclusion
This research advances our understanding of how real-time biometric feedback can enhance
mental wellness through interaction design. By integrating physical and digital environments,
this study illuminates the role of embodied interaction in making biometric data actionable and
relatable, thus fostering deeper self-awareness and emotional self-regulation.

Throughout the research, several significant findings emerged. First, the intuitive presentation of
biometric data through user-centered design prototypes enabled participants to connect more
meaningfully with their physical and emotional states. The qualitative interviews revealed that
this approach not only improved participants' awareness of their mental states but also
encouraged the adoption of healthier behaviors based on these insights.

However, the study recognizes several critical limitations—including the small sample size,
narrow range of biometric signals, short study duration, reliance on simplified technical
51

implementations, and the inherent unreliability of self-report measures. Ethical considerations
around user privacy, autonomy, and data transparency also highlight the necessity for careful
and sensitive design practices. Addressing these challenges will require future studies to
engage larger, diverse participant groups, expand biometric indicators, incorporate richer
environmental contexts, and pursue multidisciplinary collaborations.

Lessons learned from this research emphasize the importance of considering both the physical
environment and the design of digital interfaces in promoting effective engagement with health
technologies. Future applications of this work could explore adaptive interventions that respond
in real-time to users’ emotional and physical changes, potentially offering more personalized
and timely support for mental wellness.

In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the fields of interaction design and health informatics by
demonstrating how technology can bridge the gap between human emotions and digital
experiences. As we continue to explore this promising area, the insights gained here will
hopefully inform the design of next-generation wellness technologies that prioritize empathetic
and user-informed interactions.

52

References
American Psychological Association. (2021, September 1). Wearable devices as therapy tools.
Monitor on Psychology, 52(6), 30.
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/09/sidebar-wearable-devices

Blanchflower, D. G., & Bryson, A. (2022). Taking the pulse of nations: A biometric measure of
well-being. Economics & Human Biology, 46, 101141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101141

Fernandez, O., Long, L., Mallikarjunan, A., Gundala, A., & Shah, N. (2023). Use of Apple Watch
to Acquire Baseline Wearable Biometric Data for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease and
Correlations to Symptoms Such As Pain and Fatigue. Blood, 142(Supplement 1), 5290–5290.
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-188096

Grassi, D. (2024). Supporting developers' emotional awareness: From self-reported emotions to
biometrics. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment
in Software Engineering (EASE '24) (pp. 500-504). Association for Computing Machinery.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3661167.3661209

Innovatrics. (n.d.). Biometric data. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from
https://www.innovatrics.com/glossary/biometric-data/#:~:text=Biometric%20data%20is%20defin
ed%20as,palm%20prints%2C%20and%20hand%20geometry

53

Kasparian, A. M., & Badawy, S. M. (2022). Utility of Fitbit devices among children and
adolescents with chronic health conditions: a scoping review. mHealth, 8, 26–26.
https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth-21-28

Main, P. (2024, September 27). Embodied cognition: Thinking with the body. Structural
Learning. Retrieved December 11, 2024, from
https://www.structural-learning.com/post/embodied-cognition

Persiani, S. G. L., Kobas, B., Koth, S. C., & Auer, T. (2021). Biometric Data as Real-Time Measure
of Physiological Reactions to Environmental Stimuli in the Built Environment. Energies (Basel),
14(1), 232-. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010232

Rahmani, M. H., Symons, M., Sobhani, O., Berkvens, R., & Weyn, M. (2024). EmoWear:
Wearable physiological and motion dataset for emotion recognition and context awareness.
Scientific Data, 11, 648. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03429-3

Smith, K. (2013). Designing for tomorrow’s digital outcasts. In Digital Outcasts (pp. 215–233).
Morgan Kaufmann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404705-1.00009-1

U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2024). Review of smartphones and
wearable devices for stress prediction. PubMed Central. Retrieved December 11, 2024, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10486660

Warren, M., & Franke, M. (2024, March 23). Interoception: The inner sense driving your
thoughts. BBC Future. Retrieved December 11, 2024, from
54

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240322-interoception-the-mysterious-inner-sense-driving-y
our-emotions

Wikipedia. (2024). Quantified Self. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantified_self#:~:text=Quantified%20self%20is%20both%20the,ac
tivity

55